1. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Process Assessment of the Learner zAuthored by Dr. Virginia Berninger, psychologist, educator, and researcher zDirector of School Psychology at University of Washington zRecipient of several significant research grants from NICHD at NIH zPublished in excess of 50 books, book chapters, and journal articles in past 10 years on R/W assessment and intervention

2. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Berninger Ongoing Research zPAL rests on a firm foundation of extensive research on ytreatment of reading/writing disabilities ydissemination of research findings on assessment and intervention to educators ygenetic bases of subtypes of LD ybrain imaging of children with LD

3. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Process Assessment of the Learner Test Battery zPAL will identify deficits in the underlying processes necessary for acquisition of reading and writing skills. zPAL also identifies where a student is along the continuum of reading and writing skills.

4. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL Guided by Research Creating Functional Reading/Writing Systems Using Levels of Language: zSubword Level zWord Level zText Level

5. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL Guided by Research Creating Functional Reading/Writing Systems Using Levels of Language: zSubword Level - units within words such as phonemes, letters, syllables, rimes zWord Level - unit corresponding to single lexical item in mental dictionary including orthographic, phonological and semantic features zText Level - units larger than the single word

6. PAL Test Battery Reading Receptive Coding Expressive Coding RAN Letters Rhyming Syllables Phonemes Rimes Pseudoword Decoding RAN Words RAN Digits RAN Words and Digits Word Choice Story Retell* Sentence Sense Subword level Word level Text level Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation

7. Finger Sense Writing PAL Test Battery Alphabet Writing Word Choice Copy Task Pre-subword level Subword level Word level Note–Taking Text level Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation

8. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL Linked to WIAT-II zWIAT-II also incorporates the Functional Reading/Writing Systems at the subword, word, and text levels

9. WIAT II Written Language Composite Written Language Subtest Letter Production Word Spelling Homonyms Alphabet Writing (letter production) Writing Fluency (word production) Sentence Generation Sentence Combining Discourse Production Subword and word level Subword level Word level Text level Spelling Subtest Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation

10. WIAT II Reading Composite Word Reading Subtest Pseudoword Subtest Reading Comprehension Subtest Letter-Sound ID Sight Word Accuracy Sight Word Automaticity Word Attack Skills Reading Rate Sentence Comprehension Passage Comprehension Word Accuracy in context Subword level Word level Subword level Text level Word and Text level Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation

11. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Process Assessment of the Learner Test Blueprint and Subtest Examples Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation

12. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL PAL blueprint zReceptive and Expressive Coding yThe relationship between a sound and a written symbol. These skills can be measured at different developmental levels.

13. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint then __________________ n zThe child is shown the word. Then is asked whether the letter shown next appeared in the previous word.

14. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint frocogan zThe child is shown a made-up word and asked to write the word.

15. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zPhonological Skills yLook at symbols and identify which sounds go with letters to produce real words.

16. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zSample Rhyming yThe child is asked to generate all the real words he or she can think of that rhyme with the target word.

17. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zSample Syllables ySay running without /run/. To say running without /run/, you would say /ing/. Now you say it. Running without /run/ is _______.

18. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zSample Phoenemes ySay that. Now say it without /t/.

19. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zRAN (Rapid Automatized Naming) yMeasures automaticity and how readers access name codes in the mental dictionary. yTaps the precise timing of the coordination of name codes and orthographic codes. yPredicts rate of reading text.

20. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zSample Word Choice yThe child sees three words and is asked to draw a circle around the correctly spelled word. zcake cak kake

21. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zSample Pseudoword Decoding yThis child is asked to read non-real words aloud. pidgrofenosil

22. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zExecutive Function ySentence Sense looks at attention to orthographic codes under timed conditions.

23. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zSentence Sense yThe child is asked to circle only the number of the sentence that makes sense.

24. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. PAL blueprint zFine Motor and Sensorimotor Skills y Finger Repetition, Finger Succession, Finger Localization, Finger Recognition, Fingertip Writing

25. Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Assessment- Intervention Link zLinkages between PAL Test Battery and Intervention are made at the subword, word, and text levels

26. Reading PAL SubtestPAL Intervention Activity SubwordOrthographic Awareness Training Receptive Coding matching visually similar letters search for words that contain target letters name target letters in sets of letters that are visually similar Expressive Coding identify letters in words (e.g.; what is the third letter in the word cupcake?) Phonological Awareness Training Syllable Segmentation and Phonemes “Find the Hidden” “Say the Missing” “Say the Word Without” “Substitute” Syllables Phonemes Rimes Pseudoword Decoding RAN Letters Talking Letters Word Text RAN Words Word Choice Story Retell Sentence Sense Word Decoding Whole Word Reading Word Families Story Reading Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation

27. Writing Subword Word Text Alphabet Writing Word Choice Copy Task Note – Taking PAL SubtestPAL Intervention Activity Handwriting Lessons ask students to write rather than say answers to Orthographic Awareness activities Talking Letters spelling activities Composition Plan Write Review Revise Writing Strategy Copyright © 2000 by The Psychological Corporation