1. ENGINEERING ETHICS in 3D ENGINEERING ETHICS in 3D Gene Moriarty Department of Electrical Engineering San Jose State University

2. The Subject Matter of Ethics: Moral Dilemmas “A moral dilemma may be defined as a conflict a person experiences between two or more moral obligations in a particular circumstance.” Joe Herkert “A moral dilemma may be defined as a conflict a person experiences between two or more moral obligations in a particular circumstance.” Joe Herkert

3. List of Typical Engineering Ethics Issues Involving Conflicts of Obligation 1)conflict of interest 1)conflict of interest 2)public safety and welfare 2)public safety and welfare 3)integrity of data & representation of it 3)integrity of data & representation of it 4)whistle-blowing 4)whistle-blowing 5)choice of a job 5)choice of a job 6)accountability to clients and customers 6)accountability to clients and customers 7)plagiarism 7)plagiarism 8)trade secrets & industrial espionage 8)trade secrets & industrial espionage 9)gift giving & bribes 9)gift giving & bribes 10)fair treatment 10)fair treatment

4. To these as well as other high- profile ethics cases we apply: De-ontology De-ontology Utilitarianism Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Virtue Ethics Etc. Etc.

5. IEEE Code of Ethics We, the members of the IEEE, in recognition of the importance of our technologies in affecting the quality of life throughout the world, and in accepting a personal obligation to our profession, its members and the communities we serve, do hereby commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: 1. to accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment; 2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them to affected parties when they do exist; 3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data; 4. to reject bribery in all its forms; 5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential consequences; 6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations; 7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others; 8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin; 9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action; 10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this code of ethics. Approved by the IEEE Board of Directors August 1990 Approved by the IEEE Board of Directors August 1990

6. HISTORY OF CODES OF ETHICS 1803First code of professional ethics 1803First code of professional ethics (medical ethics) (Thomas Percival) 1852ASCE (Civil Engineering) 1880ASME (Mechanical Engineering) 1884AIEE (Electrical Engineering) All these Professional Engineering Societies had CODES OF ETHICS

7. Engineering is 1)an art 1)an art 2)a science 2)a science 3)design 3)design 4)a profession 4)a profession 5)a business 5)a business “Engineering is the practice of making good on the promise of technology.”

8. the project, the endeavor, the enterprise, the venture…

9. Contexts of the engineering project:

10. Ethical Assessment of the Engineering Project must ultimately take place within the Human Lifeworld.

11. The Human Lifeworld Wherein we pursue GOALS, enact ROLES, and take up with THINGS of all sorts… Wherein we pursue GOALS, enact ROLES, and take up with THINGS of all sorts… Wherein we talk to each other rather than about each other. Wherein we talk to each other rather than about each other. Characterized by a human communication called THE CONVERSATION OF THE LIFEWORLD which is IDEALLY: Mutual / Interdependent / Genuine / Open / Honest / Non-Coercive Characterized by a human communication called THE CONVERSATION OF THE LIFEWORLD which is IDEALLY: Mutual / Interdependent / Genuine / Open / Honest / Non-Coercive

12. The Micro-view of the Engineering Project The Engineered The Engineered The Engineer The Engineer Engineering Engineering

13. person / process / product The Engineer Engineers the Engineered. The Engineer Engineers the Engineered.

15. Three Types of Ethics VIRTUE ETHICS VIRTUE ETHICSCare/objectivity/honesty CONCEPTUAL ETHICS CONCEPTUAL ETHICS Social Justice/Environmental Sustainability/Health & Safety MATERIAL ETHICS MATERIAL ETHICSEngagement/Enlivenment/Resonance

16. ORIGINS VE ---- Stems from being-toward/being-with/being-for CE ---- Stems from “health, safety, welfare” phrase in CODES of ethics ME ---- Stems from interactions of product/end- user/world

17. MATERIAL ETHICS

18. Within the Conversation of the Lifeworld the values of resonance / engagement / enlivenment are discussed. For example, “can such and such a product be engaging tothe end-user”? “If so, how so”? “If not, why not”?

19. THREE LEVELS OF ADJUDICATION VIRTUE ETHICS – corporate level VIRTUE ETHICS – corporate level CONCEPTUAL ETHICS – professional level CONCEPTUAL ETHICS – professional level MATERIAL ETHICS – social level MATERIAL ETHICS – social level

20. THE ETHICS ENGINE

21. Over-all Ethical Assessment of the Engineering Project Integrates all three kinds of ethics. Integrates all three kinds of ethics. Can use as point of departure the over-all value function: Can use as point of departure the over-all value function: J = α J v + β J c + γ J m where α + β + γ = 1 and we assume all J’s range from -3 to +3.

22. Sub-Value-Functions J = α J v + β J c + γ J m where α + β + γ = 1 and the sub-value-functions are J v = α v J v1 + β v J v2 + γ v J v3 α v + β v + γ v = 1 J c = α c J c1 + β c J c2 + γ c J c3 α c + β c + γ c = 1 J m = α m J m1 + β m J m2 + γ m J m3 α m + β m + γ m = 1

23. EXAMPLE: RFID Design Virtue Ethics: company ombudsman assesses the team effort as caring/honest/fair so we set J v = +3. Virtue Ethics: company ombudsman assesses the team effort as caring/honest/fair so we set J v = +3. Conceptual Ethics: professional ethics committee decides that environment is not compromised but social justice can be and health & safety is fine so we set J c = +1. Conceptual Ethics: professional ethics committee decides that environment is not compromised but social justice can be and health & safety is fine so we set J c = +1. Material Ethics: conversation of the lifeworld decides there is no resonance of product with world, end-user in her world is not enlivened, and end-user not engaged with product so we set J m = -3 ---- with equal weightings we get over-all J = 0.333 (not so good, etc…) Material Ethics: conversation of the lifeworld decides there is no resonance of product with world, end-user in her world is not enlivened, and end-user not engaged with product so we set J m = -3 ---- with equal weightings we get over-all J = 0.333 (not so good, etc…)

24. “What would be the major consequence of complementing theoretical and practical ethics with real ethics? It would be the realization that we make our crucial decisions not as individuals, as consumers, taxpayers, and voters who navigate their course in preestablished and rigid channels, but as citizens, and not just citizens who pass on matters of civil rights and social welfare, but as citizens who take responsibility for the large design of our culture and either make it hospitable to commanding reality or continue to thicken its suffocating overlay of disposable reality.”--- Albert Borgmann