1. Chapter 5 The American Revolution:
From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763–1783

2. Moment of Decision: Commitment and Sacrifice
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3. Structure of Colonial Society
1760s an optimistic post-war period
Striking ethnic and racial diversity
60% of population under twenty-one years old
Relatively high per capita GDP
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4. Structure of Colonial Society
Wealth unevenly distributed
South has richest individuals but also 90% of non-free colonial population
Middle colonies
New England lagged behind because of lack of export products
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5. Breakdown of Political Trust
1760—George III ascended throne
Despite limited ability, wanted to take more active role in government
Upset Whigs by ignoring their role
High turnover among top ministers
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6. Breakdown of Political Trust
Hard for Parliament to get adequate information on colonies
Parliamentary sovereignty
English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority
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7. Breakdown of Political Trust
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8. No Taxation Without Representation: The American Perspective
Colonists tried to reserve internal colonial authority for their own legislatures
Colonists assumed their legislatures equal in some ways to Parliament
Americans not represented at all in Parliament
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9. No Taxation Without Representation: The American Perspective
British officials espoused “virtual representation”
Colonists insisted only colonial assemblies should represent Americans
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10. Ideas About Power and Virtue
John Locke and “Commonwealthmen" shaped colonial political thought
Rebellion against arbitrary government justified
Power must be countered by virtue
Bad government reflects sin and corruption
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11. Ideas About Power and Virtue
Colonists saw British officials as sinful and corrupt
Newspapers ensured wide dissemination of political confrontations
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12. Eroding the Bonds of Empire
Large debt and army left in America from Seven Years’ War
Colonists doubted the army’s value
Pontiac’s War
Exposed the British army’s weakness
Revealed the desperate situation of Native Americans after withdrawal of French
Frontier racism: Paxton Boys
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13. Eroding the Bonds of Empire: Proclamation of 1763
Colonists determined to settle trans- Appalachian West
Proclamation of 1763 banned settlement in trans-Appalachian West
Colonists saw post-war army as there to enforce proclamation
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14. Paying Off the National Debt
Prime Minister George Grenville attempted to reduce England’s war debt
Revenue Act of 1764 (the Sugar Act)
Merchants and gentry protested; most colonists ignored the act
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15. James Otis, Jr.
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16. Colonial Products and Trade
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17. Popular Protest
1765—Stamp Act required colonists to purchase stamps to validate documents
Patrick Henry and the Virginia Resolves united the gentry and the mass of the population in protest
Stamp Act Congress petitioned the king and Parliament for repeal
Sons of Liberty protests included riots, mob violence, and boycotts
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18. Popular Protest
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19. Popular Protest
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20. Failed Attempts to Save the Empire
1766—Rockingham’s ministry favored repeal of Stamp Act
Repeal tied to Declaratory Act of 1766
Parliament sovereign over America “in all cases whatsoever”
Controversy estranged colonists from English officials
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21. Fueling the Crisis: The Townshend Duties
Charles Townshend: chancellor of the exchequer
1767—Townshend Duties taxed American imports of paper, lead, glass, and tea
American Board of Customs Commissioners created to collect duties
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22. Fueling the Crisis: Response to the Townshend Duties
Sons of Liberty organized boycott of English goods
Circular letter from Massachusetts House of Representatives urged protest
Ninety-two Massachusetts representatives defied government order to rescind letter
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23. Fatal Show of Force English government moved 4,000 troops to Boston
Troops clashed with Boston’s population
March 5, 1770—English soldiers fired on civilian crowd, killed five Americans
Incident labeled the “Boston Massacre”
Victims seen as martyrs
Paul Revere engraving a best seller
Townsend Duties repealed 1770, except tea
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24. Fatal Show of Force
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25. Last Days of Imperial Rule, 1770–1773
Customs collectors antagonized colonists, even wealthy members of the elite such as John Hancock
Radicals like Samuel Adams protested tea tax as violation of American rights
Committees of correspondence built up alternative political structure
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26. The Final Provocation: The Boston Tea Party
1773—Parliament passed Tea Act
Designed to help the East India Company by making the sale of its tea cheaper in America
Americans interpreted this as a subtle ploy to get them to consume taxed tea
December 1773—Boston protestors dumped the tea into the harbor
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27. The Final Provocation: The Boston Tea Party
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28. The Final Provocation: The Coercive Acts
Port of Boston closed until tea paid for
Massachusetts government restructured
Upper house made appointive body
Town meetings permitted only once a year
Accused officials to be tried in England, not America
Army authorized to quarter troops wherever needed
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30. Steps Toward Independence
September 1774—First Continental Congress in response to Coercive Acts
Congress commended “Suffolk Resolves” urging forcible resistance
Intercolonial “Association” halted commerce with Britain until Coercive Acts repealed
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31. Shots Heard Around the World
April 19, 1775—skirmish breaks out in Lexington, Massachusetts
Fighting spreads along road between Lexington, Concord, and Boston
English retreat to Boston with heavy losses
June 17, 1775—colonists inflict heavy losses on British in Battle of Bunker Hill
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32. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Early War Effort
British colonial governments collapsed
Second Continental Congress—action and inaction
June 1775—Congress appointed George Washington commander-in-chief
Congress issued paper money to pay war debts
Debated whether to declare independence
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33. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Early War Effort
British actions that made compromise unlikely:
December 1775 Prohibitory Act—British blockaded colonists’ trade
German mercenaries hired to put down rebellion
Virginia Governor Dunmore urged slaves to take up arms against their masters
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34. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Decision for Independence
January 1776—Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Convinced ordinary colonists to sever ties with Britain
Europe, not England, “is the parent country of America”
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35. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Decision for Independence
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36. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Decision for Independence
Jefferson wrote Declaration of Independence
Acceptance
July 2, 1776—Independence voted by Congress
July 4—Declaration of Independence issued
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37. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Decision for Independence
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38. Fighting for Independence
British confident of victory
Larger population, more resources
Naval supremacy
Britain’s tasks:
Supply troops an ocean away in hostile territory
Crush the popular spirit of independence
British underestimated Americans’ commitment to their political ideology
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39. The American Revolution, 1775–1781
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40. Building a Professional Army
Washington rejected guerrilla warfare strategy
Continental army to be a fighting force and symbol of the republican cause
Militia’s role: compel support for Revolution
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41. Building a Professional Army
African Americans in the Revolution
New England militias attracted slaves with promises of emancipation
Southern slaves more likely to side with British
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42. Testing the American Will
General Howe replaced General Gage for British
Summer 1776—fighting shifted to New York
American army routed on Long Island
New York City captured
Washington forced to retreat through New Jersey
British thought rebels would soon capitulate
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43. “Times That Try Men’s Souls”
General Howe issued pardon for all who swear loyalty to Britain
3,000 accepted
December 25, 1776—Washington captured 900 Hessians in Trenton
January 3, 1777—Washington captured Princeton
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44. “Times That Try Men’s Souls”
Victories rekindled wartime patriotism
British consolidated forces; left much of New Jersey in patriot control
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45. Victory in a Year of Defeat
British strategy
Cut off New England from other colonies
Lure Continental army into decisive battle
The plan for cutting off New England
Burgoyne’s army moved in from Canada
Howe’s army moved up from New York
They met in Albany
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46. Victory in a Year of Defeat
Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga
Howe took Philadelphia instead
Washington’s army wintered at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
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47. The French Alliance
French helped colonists to get back at Britain for defeat in Seven Years’ War
Effects of Battle of Saratoga
Convinced France that colonists were serious enough to become formal allies
British sued for peace to prevent Franco-American alliance
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48. The French Alliance
British offered repeal of all laws since 1763, respect for colonial taxation rights
February 1778—Alliance with France concluded
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49. Spain’s Contribution to American Independence
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50. The Final Campaign
British believed Loyalists stronger in southern colonies, so fighting shifted there
Spring 1780—English captured Savannah and Charleston
August 1780—American army routed at Camden, South Carolina
Continental army rallied under Nathaniel Greene
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51. The Final Campaign 1781—Cornwallis moved British into Virginia
October 19, 1781—Cornwallis surrendered to Washington’s combined French and American forces
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52. Major Battles of the American Revolution
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53. The Loyalist Dilemma
More than 100,000 Loyalists left U.S. at war’s end
Loyalists shared basic ideology with Patriots
Loyalists saw rebellion as endangering “life, liberty, and property”
Loyalists treated poorly by both sides
British never fully trusted Loyalists
Patriots seized property; imprison, execute some Loyalists
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54. Loyalist Strongholds
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55. Winning the Peace
American negotiators were John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams
They played France against England to get best terms
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56. Winning the Peace Peace Treaty of 1783 U.S. independence recognized
U.S. gets all territory east of Mississippi River, between Canada and Florida
U.S. secures fishing rights in North Atlantic
U.S. will help British merchants and Loyalists collect debts
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57. Preserving Independence
The American Revolution began construction of new form of government
Question remains: a government of the elite or a government of the people?
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