1. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 1 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Overview ¥This Lecture »Internet Protocols (4) »Source: chapter 15 ¥This Lecture »TCP/UDP (1) »Source: chapter 17 ¥Next Lecture »TCP/UDP (2) »Source: chapter 17

2. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 2 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport layer ¥The transport layer is at the heart of the whole protocol hierarchy »It is the first layer which does not involve intermediate nodes. It just involves end-to- end communication. »Its task is to provide a reliable, cost-effective data transport from the source machine to the destination machine, independent of the physical networks in use »There are two types of transport services: connection-oriented and connectionless, similar to the corresponding network services

3. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 3 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport layer ¥Functions of transport layer »Connection management –set-up and release connections »Flow and error control »Error detection ¥Why error detection is needed in transport layer, given the data link layer has done it hop by hop? »Intermediate nodes/routers may cause errors while processing packets ¥The software within the transport layer that does the work is called the transport entity

4. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 4 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport layer ¥Why are there two distinct layers, i.e., network and transport layers? »Network layer is part of the communication subnet and is run by the carriers »The network layer may offer connection- oriented service which may be unreliable »The users have no control over the subnet, so the only possibility to improve the quality of service is to put another layer on top of the network layer »The transport service interface for the higher layer can be designed to be independent of the network service interface, which may vary considerably from network to network »The primary function of the transport layer can be regarded as enhancing the quality of service provided by the network layer ¥Transport Protocol Data Unit (TPDU) is used to name the messages sent between transport entities

5. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 5 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport layer ¥Transport layer uses primitives, provided by network layer, to send and receive data »Transport entities use NL_send(TPDU, NL_address) and NL_recv(TPDU) to send/receive TPDU »TPDU is put in the payload of network packet which is put in the payload of data link frame »TPDU in TCP is called TCP segment, packet in IP is called IP packet

6. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 6 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang QoS ¥Quality of Service (QoS) should be supported in the transport layer ¥QoS can be charaterized by a number of parameters, such as the parameters in flow specification »Throughput, transit delay, error ratio ¥The transport service allows the user to specify preferred and minimum unacceptable values for these parameters at the time a connection is set up ¥Some of the parameters also apply to connectionless transport ¥It is up to the transport layer to examine these parameters, and depending on the kind of network services available to it, determine whether it can provide the required service

7. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 7 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang QoS negotiation ¥The transport user makes a proposal on some QoS parameters ¥The transport layer may immediately realize that some of them are unacceptable and report failure (together with the reasons) to the users ¥If the transport layer can not achieve the desired goal (e.g. 600 Mbps throughput), but it can achieve a lower but still acceptable one (150Mbps), it then sends the lower rate and the minimum acceptable rate to the destination ¥The destination machine may change the QoS to an acceptable level or reject the connection attempt ¥Finally the originating transport user is informed of the result

8. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 8 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport service ¥Two main differences between the transport service and the network service »The network service is intended to model the service offered by real (unreliable) networks, while the (connection-oriented) transport service is reliable »The network service is used only by the transport entities, while the transport service is used by application programs directly and must be convenient and easy to use ¥The transport service provides (interface) primitives to allow application programs to access the transport service »LISTEN: wait for a connection »CONNECT: initiate a connection »SEND: send data »RECEIVE: get data or wait for data »DISCONNECT: initiate a release

9. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 9 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Example ¥Example »consider an application with a server and a number of remote clients

10. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 10 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport layer operation ¥Connection establishment »The server executes a LISTEN primitive, which blocks the server until a client turns up »A client executes a CONNECT primitive, which blocks the client, and send a TPDU (encapsulating the information of the connection request) to the server via the underlying network layer »When the TPDU arrives at the server side, the transport entity checks to see that the server is blocked on a LISTEN (i.e. interested in handling a connection request). »It then unblocks the server and sends a CONNECTION ACCEPTED TPDU back to the client »When this TPDU arrives at the client side, the client is unblocked and the connection is established ¥Addressing »When an application process wishes to set up a connection to a remote application process, it must specify which one to connect to »The method normally used is to define transport addresses to which processes can listen for connection requests »In Internet, transport addresses are (IP address, local port) pairs

11. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 11 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Transport layer operation ¥Data exchange »Either party can do a (blocking) RECEIVE to wait for the other party to do a SEND »When the DATA TPDU arrives, the receiver is unblocked »As long as both sides can keep track of whose turn it is to send, this scheme works fine »Each TPDU sent will be (eventually) acknowledged. These acknowledgements, timers, and re-transmissions are managed by the transport entities using the network layer protocol and are not visible to the transport users ¥Connection release »Asymmetric disconnection: either transport user can issue a DISCONNECT primitive, which results in a DISCONNECT TPDU being sent to the remote transport entiry. Upon arrival, the connection is released »Symmetric disconnection: when one side does a DISCONNECT, that means it has no more data to send, but is still willing to accept data from its partner. A connection is released when both sides have done a DISCONNECT

12. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 12 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Problems in connection setup ¥Simple connection (two-way handshake) »Entity 1 send a TPDU to entity 2, saying “good morning, I would like to talk with a process with port number pn” »Entity 2 receives the TPDU and ask the process if it accept the request »If the process agrees, entity 2 sends a TPDU saying “ok, you can talk now”, and connection is established ¥Problem with establishing a connection occurs when the subnet can lose, store, and duplicate packets ¥Consider the following scenario »A user establishes a connection with a bank »Sends messages telling the bank to transfer a large amount of money to the account of a not entirely trustworthy person »And then releases the connection ¥What happens if all packets in the above process are duplicated and stored in the subnet?

13. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 13 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Solution for connection problem ¥Unique sequence number »To avoid the problem, each TPDU uses a sequence number and is acknowledged »The sequence number is determined using a counter and ensured to be different from the sequence number or acknowledged number of existing TPDU wandering in the network ¥Three-way handshake protocol »Transport entity A transmits a connection request (in a TPDU) which is accompanied by different sequence number x »When entity B receives the request, it sends A a connection acceptance TPDU acknowledging the sequence number x and initiates a new sequence number y »Entity A acknowledges the acceptance with the sequence number y

14. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 14 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Examples ¥How three-way handshaking can prevent false connection requests

15. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 15 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Disconnect ¥Asymmetric release is abrupt and may result in data loss ¥Symmetric release »One way to avoid data loss is to use symmetric release, in which each direction is released independently of the other »A host can continue to receive data even after it has sent a DISCONNECT TPDU ¥The symmetric release acts as below »A says:”I am done. Are you done too?” »If B responds:”I am done too. Bye.” »Then the connection can be safely released ¥This way does not always work

16. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 16 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Disconnect ¥The two-army problem »A white army is encamped in a valley »On both of the surrounding hillsides are blue armies »The white army is larger than either of the blue armies alone, but together they are larger than the white army »If either blue army attacks by itself, it will be defeated, but if the two blue armies attack simultaneously, they will be victorious »The communication medium between the two blue armies is to send messengers on foot down into the valley, where they might be captured and the message lost »The question is, does a protocol exist that allows the blue armies to win absolutely? –The answer is that NO.

17. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 17 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Disconnect ¥The same answer applies to the absolutely safe disconnection »Just substitute “disconnect” for “attack”. If neither side is prepared to disconnect until it is convinced that the other side is prepared to disconnect too, the disconnection will never happen ¥In practice, one is usually prepared to take more risks when releasing connections than attacking white armies, so the situation is not entirely hopeless

18. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 18 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Disconnect ¥Three-way handshake combined with a timer »Timer is used: if there is no TPDU from the other party for some time, disconnect anyway »The protocol can fail if the initial DR and n retransmissions are all lost: the sender will give up and delete the connection, while the other side knows nothing about the attempts to disconnect and is still fully active »This situation is called half-open connection

19. TELE202 Lecture 13 TCP/UDP (1) 19 Lecturer Dr Z. Huang Summary ¥Concepts »Transport layer »Transport entity »Transport address »TPDU »QoS »Two-army problem ¥Differences between transport layer and network layer ¥Connection establishment and release »three-way handshake protocol for connection establishment »Three-way handshake combined with timer for connection release