1. Solar Energy and PV Rooftop in India
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Solar Energy and PV Rooftop in India
Government of India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

2. WHY RENEWABLES ? Increasing energy demand - supply gap
Need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Increasing cost of electrification to cover villages in far-flung and remote areas
High availability of solar, wind, biomass and hydel resources in India
Small size, modularity and low gestation periods which favour quick capacity additions
Successful demonstration of renewable energy technologies and their viability with declining costs
Increasing environmental concerns which favour renewables as they are environmentally benign

3. WHY RENEWABLES FOR INDIAN RAILWAYS/METRO
Railway sector growth 8-9%. Metro very fast rate
Progressive shift of freight traffic to railways
80% of rail freight and 60% passenger traffic on electric energy by 2030
Electricity demand to go 100 billion kWh by 2030 for railway sector alone in India.
The current trends indicates constraints in indigenous availability of conventional energy resources.
Increasing cost of Conventional Power and decreasing trend in cost of Renwable Power
World trend to achieve min. 25% through RE by in transport sector leader Germany, Sweden, USA.
Current share of RE Power is 13%(installed Capacity) which is planned to 20% by 2030
Fuel diversity
No space constraint in Railways

4. Indian Power Sector at a Glance
Fuel MW
%age
Total Thermal
1,77,742
69.70
                                             Coal
1,53,571
60.20
                                             Gas
22971
9.00
                                             Oil
1200
0.50
Hydro (Renewable)
40799
16.00
Nuclear
4,700
1.90
RES** (MNRE)
31692
12.40
Total
2,55,013
100.00
Renewable Energy Sources(RES) include SHP, BG, BP, U&I and Wind Energy
SHP= Small Hydro Project ,BG= Biomass Gasifier ,BP= Biomass Power,
U & I=Urban & Industrial Waste Power, RES=Renewable Energy Sources

5. Estimated Renewable Power Potential
S. No.
Resource
Estimated Potential
(In MWeq.) 1.
Wind Power (as per C-WET estimates at 80 m hub height)
~ 100,000 2.
Solar Energy
> 7,50,000
30-50 MW/ sq. km. 3.
Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW)
20,000 4.
Bio-Power:
Agro-Residues
17,000
Cogeneration - Bagasse
5,000
Waste to Energy:
- Municipal Solid Waste to Energy
- Industrial Waste to Energy
2,600
1,280
Total
>8,95,880

6. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Indian solar PV market has seen significant growth with the installed capacity rising from under 40 MW to more than 2,000 MW in last four years
Solar power generation is expected to be 12,500 MW by , whereas only roof top solar is estimated to be 4,000 MW.
Rooftop SPV will drive solar power capacity additions given the acute power shortage in several states and also reduce transmission and distribution losses.

7. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Concept of Rooftop PV
Refers to SPV systems installed on rooftops of residential, commercial or industrial premises.
Electricity generated could be
-fed into the grid at regulated feed-in tariffs or
-used for self consumption with net- metering approach

8. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Components

9. PV system configurations
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
PV system configurations
Type-I: Electricity from PV system - not directly supply to the loads
It is a simple and most cost effective Rooftop Solar PV system which doesn’t affect household grid connection and wiring.

10. PV System configurations (cont..)
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
PV System configurations (cont..)
Type-II: Grid-tie without battery backup – do not supply during outage
Type-III: Grid-tie with battery backup – supply during outage
Sites with reliable grid power, this is usually the logical system choice as It doesn’t provide backup power during a power outage even if the Sun is shining
It has the added feature of batteries in order to power some selected backup loads when there is power outage. 

11. Comparison of three types of Rooftop PV system configurations
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Comparison of three types of Rooftop PV system configurations
Type-I
Type-II
Type-III
Simple and most cost-effective PV system
It supplies surplus excess electricity produced to the utility grid 
Doesn’t affect the household grid connection and wiring
Sites with reliable grid power, this is usually the logical system choice
It has the added feature of batteries in order to power some selected backup loads during outage. 
Solar energy can’t be used directly at the consumer point
It doesn’t provide backup power during power outage even if the Sun is shining
The benefit of supplying backup power increases complexity and maintenance requirements
Electricity generated from PV system is lost during power outage
This system is expensive than other two types of systems

12. Existing policies in different states
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Existing policies in different states
Sl. No.
State
Solar rooftop target
Metering mechanis m
Solar tariff (Rs.)
Eligibility
Incentives 1
Karnataka
400 MW by
Net and Gross metering
(without subsidy), (with subsidy)
Individual’s residential/ commercial/Institut ional/Govt. building owners, Industrial units
Tax concession on stamp duty, entry tax, and registration charges 2
West Bengal
34 MW by
Net metering
(100kW- 2MW capacity)
Residential, commercial, industrial and institutional building owners
RE support from green energy funds will be provided by state, exemption from demand cut up to 50% of installed capacity 3
Chhattisga rh
MW (total solar installa tions)
8.69 (FY )
Residential, commercial, and industrial building owners
Interest subsidy, fixed capital investment subsidy, stamp duty exemption, VAT exemption, Exemption from electricity duty

13. Existing policies in different states
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Existing policies in different states 4
Tamil Nadu
350 MW by
Net metering
(average tariff)
Residential, commercial, and institutional owners
Generation based incentive of (GBI) of Rs. 2 per unit for first 2 years, Re1 per unit for next 2 years, and Re 0.5 per unit for subsequent 2 years. Capital subsidy of Rs. 20, per kW in addition to 30% MNRE subsidy, exemption from electricity tax, exemption from demand cut, 5
Kerala
Not specifi ed
(without AD), (with AD)
Not specified
No open access &wheeling charges, exemption from electricity duty, conditional banking facility, Incentives to panchayats for promoting solar installations, incentive to convert existing solar installation to solar one 6
Gujarat
30 MW in 6 cities
Feed-in tariff
11.14 (with AD), (without AD)
Residential, industrial, commercial and institutional building owners
2% wheeling charge of the energy fed to grid, exemption from payment of electricity duty and demand cut, high feed-in tariff for 25 years, open-access to third party sale

14. Existing policies in different states
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Existing policies in different states 7
Delhi
Not specifie d
Net metering
Not specified
Exemption from wheeling, banking, cross subsidy and other charges for a period of 5 years 8
Andhra Pradesh
(without AD), (with AD)
Residential, commercial, industrial and institutional building
The State Govt. will provide 20% subsidy for installation of roof top system up to 3 KW capacity in domestic sector only. This will be in addition to that eligible Central Financial 9
Haryana
50 MW till
11.11 (PV Crystalline), (thin- film)
Residential, commercial, industrial and institutional building owners
10% state subsidy in addition to 30% MNRE subsidy, exemption from external development charges, scrutiny fee and infrastructure development charges, no application and processing fee

15. Existing policies in different states
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Existing policies in different states 10
Rajasthan
Not specifie d
Net meterin g
8.42 (with AD), (without AD)
All consumer(s) of the Discoms
Incentives available to industrial units under Rajasthan Investment Promotional Scheme available to industrial solar power projects, Banking will be allowed 11
Uttarakha nd
5 MW ( )
8.15 (with AD), (without AD)
Residential, commercial, industrial and institutional building owners
No transmission and wheeling charges 12
Uttar Pradesh
20 MW (by )
Not specified
State funds for technical assessment and deployment of rooftop SPV on government owned/Public Institutions

16. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by West Bengal
Grid connected rooftop is allowed only for institutional consumers with kW size
Connectivity is allowed at low or medium voltage (6 kV or 11 kV) of distribution system
Solar injection is permitted only up to 90% of annual electricity consumption.
Net energy supplied by the utility to be billed as per existing slab tariffs.
Solar generation to offset consumption in the highest tariff slab and then the lower slab.

17. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by West Bengal
As per recent policy All existing and upcoming commercial and business establishments having more than 1.5 MW contract demand to install SPV rooftop systems to meet at least 2% of their total electrical load
All existing and upcoming schools and colleges, hospitals, large housing societies, and Govt. establishments having more than 0.5 MW contract demand to install SPV rooftop systems to meet at least 1.5% of their total electrical load.
Policy targets 16 MW of rooftop and small PV installations by 2017.

18. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Gujarat
Gandhinagar city initiated a 5 MW(4 MW in Govt. buildings and 1 MW in private homes) rooftop PV programme based on FIT/sale to utility.
Two project developers for 2.5 MW each selected through reverse bidding with GERC cap of Rs /kwh.
Torrent Power will buy from Rs /kWh for 25 years and Azure will pass on Rs. 3.0/kWh to rooftop owner as roof rent.
Recently 5 more cities-Bhavnagar Mehsana, Rajkot, Surat and Vadodara started installing pilot rooftop projects.

19. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Karnataka
As per new RE policy , State to promote rooftop with net metering.
System size to be kW and interconnection at 415 V, 3 phase or 11 kV.
Maximum energy injection allowed up to 70% of energy usage at site from DISCOM.
Energy injection to be settled on net basis in each billing period, no carry forward.

20. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Karnataka
25000 PV rooftops of 5-10 kWp size with net metering targeted during next 5 years with 250 MW potential and 350 MU generation.
Grid connected PV rooftop projects to be given priority under Green Energy Fund.
Pilot projects may come up in Mysore and Hubli-Dharwad solar cities.

21. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Tamil Nadu
As per ‘State Solar Policy 2012’ 350 MW SPV rooftop targeted during
50 MW rooftop to be supported through GBI @ Rs. 2.0/kWh for the first 2 years, Rs. 1.0/kWh for the next 2 and Rs. 0.50/kWh for other 2 years.
Net metering will be allowed at multiple voltage level

22. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Tamil Nadu
Interconnection to be as follows:
< 10 kW - connection at 240 V
10 to 15 kWp - connection at 240/415 V
15 to 50 kWp - connection at 415 V
50 to 100 kWp - connection at 415 V
100 kWp - connection at 11 kV
Exemption from payment of electricity tax will be allowed for 5 years for 100% solar electricity used for self/sale to utility.
All new Govt./Local body buildings shall necessarily install PV rooftops.

23. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Chandigarh
3.14 MW projects of SPV grid connected PV rooftops projects sanctioned for model solar city are under installation of which 50 kW commissioned.
DISCOMS agreed to purchase power and rates yet to be finalized.

24. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Chandigarh
Interconnection to be as follows:
-Up to 10 kW : Low voltage single phase
-10 kW to 100 kW : 3 phase low voltage supply
-100 kW to 1.5 MW : Connection at 11 kV level
-1.5 MW to 5.o MW : Connection at 11 kV/33 kV/66kV as per site conditions
Petition filed with the JERC and the finalization of rate in progress

25. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems Indian Experience: Initiatives by Kerala
10,000 solar PV rooftops recently launched with 1.0 kWp each system of total 10 MW
At present only off grid system covered but Kerala has plans to launch 75,000 grid connected rooftops soon.
Rs. 39,000/- state subsidy is available for each 1.0 kWp system

26. Type of metering facility
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Type of metering facility
Parameters
Gross Metering
Net Metering
Purpose
Sale of electricity to utility
Consumption at the consumer’s end
Preferred consumer category
Residential, Commercial & Industrial
Tariff plan
PPA, FiT
Energy settlement, FiT
Energy accounting
Two separate meters
A bidirectional meter
Operating cost
Low

27. Gross metering- Self owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Gross metering- Self owned

28. Gross metering- Third party owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Gross metering- Third party owned

29. Net metering- Self owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Net metering- Self owned

30. Net metering-Third party owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Net metering-Third party owned

31. Comparison between gross and net metering
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Comparison between gross and net metering

32. International experience
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
International experience

33. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
International experience: Net metering with individual system capacity limits adopted by most US States

34. International experience: Tariff settlement
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
International experience: Tariff settlement
Italy
Mechanism does not result in direct payments and is based on the balance of the energy fed in and consumed - Credit is unlimited in terms of time
France
Commercial settlement for a defined level of excess injection - limit is worked out according to formulas that take into account the installed peak capacity reached after a number of working hours for different types of installations and locations
Virginia, USA
• Settlement Period: At the end of 12-month period, customer has the option of carrying forward eligible excess NEG to the next net metering 12-month period or Selling to utility.
• Credit to be carried forward to subsequent net metering period can not exceed amount of energy purchased during the previous annual period.
Arizona
• Non Residential - Credited to customer's next bill at retail rate; excess reconciled annually at avoided-cost rate
• Residential - Credited to customer's next bill at retail rate; excess reconciled annually in April at average annual market price minus price adjustment
California
Credited to customer's next bill at retail rate (Option of roll over credit indefinitely or 12-month average spot market price)
Hawaii
Credited to customer's next bill at retail rate; granted to utility at end of 12- month billing cycle

35. Global Perspective
The global PV installed capacity has reached more than 100 GW in 2013
Rooftop SPV is driving solar capacity additions in several countries
* Data not available

36. All-India Rooftop SPV Potential
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
All-India Rooftop SPV Potential
In India market potential for rooftop SPV is 124 GW.

37. Advantages of rooftop solar
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Advantages of rooftop solar
Savings in transmission and distribution losses
Low gestation time
No requirement of additional land
Improvement of tail-end grid voltages and reduction in system congestion with higher self-consumption of solar electricity
Local employment generation
Reduction of power bill by supplying surplus electricity to local electricity supplier
Battery elimination makes easy installation and reduced cost of system
No storage losses leads to effective utilization of power
Savings in transmission and distribution losses for the utility

38. Business Models for Rooftop SPV
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Business Models for Rooftop SPV
Rooftop Solar PV System
Self-Owned
Third Party Owned
100% Equity
Debt & Equity
Self
Bank
Govt. financing
Project Ownership
Financing Options
Modes of Funding
PACE
On-bill financing
Utility-owned distributed solar
Morris Model
Solar PPA
Solar Leasing
Examples

39. Business Model Gross Metering – Self Owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Business Model Gross Metering – Self Owned
System Owner
Bank
Utility
Installer
EMI Payments
Loan
Consumption Payment
Generation Revenue
Installation Payment
Subsidy

40. Business Models Net Metering – Self Owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Business Models Net Metering – Self Owned
System Owner
Bank
Utility
Installer
EMI Payments
Loan
Consumption Payment
Installation Payment
Loss of revenue is a long term risk for the Utility
Subsidy

41. Business Models Gross Metering – Third Party Owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Business Models Gross Metering – Third Party Owned
Subsidy
Roof Owner
Bank
Utility
Third Party
Repayment
Loan
Generation Payment
Roof Rent
Risks are:
Grid availability
Loan default
System performance and O&M

42. Business Models Net Metering – Third Party Owned
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Business Models Net Metering – Third Party Owned
Roof Owner
Bank
Utility
Third Party
Repayment
Loan
Consumption Payment
PPA
Subsidy

43. Largest rooftop installations
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Largest rooftop installations
PV POWER STATION
COUNTRY
Nominal Power (MWp)
L&T Construction
Punjab, India
7.52
Constellation energy- Toys R Us Flanders, NJ
USA
5.38
Boeing 787 assembly building South Carolina
2.6
Southern California Edison, Fontana, CA 2

44. Success story of India: Largest single rooftop plant in the world
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
Success story of India: Largest single rooftop plant in the world
MNRE
7.52MW plant installed by Larsen & Toubro construction in Punjab
L&T installed more than 30,000 PV panels on the rooftop
Power from the plant being fed to the local grid through a power purchase agreement (PPA) signed with the state distribution company under the New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) Policy.

45. Total Sanctioned (MWp)
Status of Grid Connected SPV Rooftop Projects Sanctioned to States/UTs/SECI/PSUs and Other Government Agencies
Sl. No.
State/UTs
Total Sanctioned (MWp)
Achievements*
As on 1
Andhra Pradesh 13
1.85 2
Bihar 3
Chhattisgarh
7.05
0.8 4
Chandigarh
8.56
2.1 5
Delhi 10
3.07 6
Gujarat
7.75
9.75 7
Goa 8
Jharkhand 9
Haryana
1.13
Kerala
6.28 11
Karnataka
1.5 12
Madhya Pradesh
6.25
0.1
Maharashtra
0.67

46. Total Sanctioned (MWp)
Status of Grid Connected SPV Rooftop Projects Sanctioned to States/UTs/SECI/PSUs and Other Government Agencies
Sl. No.
State/UTs
Total Sanctioned (MWp)
Achievements*
As on 14
Odisha 5
0.86 15
Punjab 7
7.52 16
Rajasthan
10.25
0.3 17
Tamil Nadu
19.74
4.4 18
Tripura 1 19
Telangana 4 20
Uttarakhand 21
Uttar Pradesh
11.5
1.08 22
West Bengal
0.63 23
Ministry of Railways
2.5 24
Pending Allocation by SECI under NCEF
151.5
Sub Total [A]
305.38
35.76
* Including their own resources in addition to MNRE and SECI installations

47. Roles and responsibilities
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Recommendations
Area of intervention
Action required
Roles and responsibilities
Creating awareness
“Solar Shop” at commercial establishments
Spread information through advertisements
A dedicated website for rooftop SPV
Design competitions
Private developers to open Solar shops
MNRE and SNAs to support private entities
Promoting Standard PV systems
1-10kWp for residential
10-100kWp for commercial
>100kWp for industrial
Solar developers to manufacture & promote
MNRE/SNAs to help for achieving economy of scale
Technical standards for LT connectivity
Need to follow, CEA guidelines, Net-metering guidelines, G83-1/1 (EN 50438), IEC & IEC 62116
CEA to strengthen technical standards
Distribution company to specify upper limit for capacity addition

48. Roles and responsibilities
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Recommendations
Area of intervention
Action required
Roles and responsibilities
Self-consumption during power outage
Grid interactive system with storage should be promoted.
Promote indigenous manufacturing to reduce overall system cost
Developers to manufacture,
MNRE & SNAs to support developers & consumers
Quality assurance for rooftop SPV
Introducing star rated program for rooftop SPV system
MNRE & BEE to take initiatives
Creating infrastructure for after sales service
National and regional level skill development and training centers
Service centers by solar companies
MNRE, SNAs, Technical Institutes, & Solar Companies to take initiatives
Strengthen supply chain for rooftop SPV
Availability of standard PV system packages at electrical shops / company outlets
Solar Companies & Retail Outlets to take initiatives

49. Roles and responsibilities
Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Recommendations
Area of intervention
Action required
Roles and responsibilities
Cost
Different capital subsidy for different type of consumers
More than one project can be bundled and procured together for cost reduction
MNRE & SNAs to design subsidy mechanism
Consumers to bundle projects
Financing schemes
Easy financing and EMI payment options
MNRE subsidy for establishing distributorship / retailer ship
MNRE & SNAs to initiate
Rural and other nationalized & private banks to finance
Generating funds
Govt. or municipality can raise funds through green bonds
MNRE, SNAs & Municipality to take initiatives
Simple approval procedures
Single window clearance
Online processing of application
Removal of unnecessary clearances
MNRE & SNAs

50. Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems
MNRE
Thank you