1. The Effect of Gas Quality on Appliance Design Dr Martin Searle Baxi Group European Forum Gas 2007

2. Appliance Design Requirements Safety Efficiency - minimum standards increasing Emissions - maximum levels decreasing e.g. NOx Noise - maximum levels from case and flue Electricity consumption - reduction in auxiliary power Minimise costs – while increasing technology/complexity Meet customer’s requirements – must provide customer needs/expectations Reliable – more complex but must be equally as reliable Competitive with alternative heating solutions – to prevent fuel switching to higher carbon solutions

3. Impact of Gas Quality Domestic & commercial boilers – efficiency, NOx Space heaters – visual flame effect, sooting Domestic & commercial catering – radiant grills Natural gas vehicles – impact of N 2 Fuel cells - reformers

4. Current Gas Wobbe No.

5. Combustion Performance Partially aerated burner nominal Gas rate Wind pressure at terminal Fan voltage +20%-30% +0.75mbar-0.5mbar

6. Combustion Performance Partially aerated burner / Fully Pre-mixed

7. nominal tolerances Gas quality Fully Premixed burner Combustion Performance

8. Partially aerated burner / Fully Pre-mixed

9. Combustion Performance Partially aerated burner / Fully Pre-mixed

10. Combustion Performance Partially aerated burner / Fully Pre-mixed nominal

11. Gas Adaptive Controls Modify gas rate & aeration to match changing gas compositions Still under development Reached application stage Long term performance unknown Current developments reduce ability to meet other key requirements

12. Gas Adaptive Controls Options based on: –Oxygen sensors –Ionisation current –Micro-bridge mass flow sensors

13. Gas Adaptive Controls gas air

14. Gas Adaptive Controls gas air λ Ionisation current 1.01.21.4

15. Gas Adaptive Controls gas air

16. Gas Adaptive Controls gas air

17. Conclusions GAD compliant appliances are not required to operate over a wide range of gas qualities Modern high efficiency appliances are less tolerant to wide variations in Wobbe No. Technologies for gas adaptability are appearing Increasing range of conflicting requirements have to be met