1. Lecture 5
Video and Sound

2. Summary of Previous We have learnt,
Reasons why some computer users prefer alternative methods of input over a standard keyboard or mouse.
Input data by touch
Game controllers
Input data by light
Other input types, e.g. audio, video etc.
When to use which input device?
Practical

3. Today’s Topics Monitors Monitors and Video Cards Video Cards
Ergonomics and Monitors
Data Projectors
Sound Systems

4. Multimedia
The word ‘multimedia’ comes from the Latin word multus means ‘numerous’ and media which means ‘middle’ or Centre.
Multimedia consists a large number of visual media like graphics, image, animation etc

5. Visual Display Devices
Primary user hardware for displaying visual media such as graphics, text, images.
Consists of components such as Monitor, Video adapter card, video adapter cable.
Various such devices are CRT, color CRT, DVST, Flat Panel Displays (LCD & Plasma), LED monitors, etc.

6. Monitor It is a most common output device
A monitor or display (also called screen or visual display unit) is an electronic visual display for computers.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment.

7. Monitor

8. Monitor Quality of picture we see on monitor depends upon,
Monitor quality itself
Video controller.
From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment.

9. Technologies
Different image technique have been used for computer monitors.
Until the 21st century most monitors were CRT but they have been phased out for LCD monitors.
They are categorized by color output.
Monitors connects to the video card of a computer system.

10. Monitors Types Different types of monitors exists, which are;
Monochrome
Grayscale
Color

11. Monochrome Monitor
A monochrome monitor is a type of CRT computer display which was very common in the early days of computing.
From the 1960s through the 1980s, before color monitors became popular.
They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash register systems.
Green screen was the common name for a monochrome monitor.
They are abandoned in early-to-mid 1980’s.

12. Monochrome Monitor

13. Grayscale Monitors
A special type of monochrome monitor capable of displaying different shades of gray.
They are also known as black-and-white, are composed exclusively of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest.
Early grayscale monitors can only show up to sixteen different shades

14. Grayscale Monitor

15. Color Monitors A display monitor capable of displaying many colors.
Color Monitors works like a monochrome one, except that there are three electron beams instead of one.
The three guns represent additive colors (red, green and blue) although the beam they emit are colorless.
Each pixel includes three phosphors, red, green and blue, arranged in a triangle.
When the beam of each of these guns are combined and focused on a pixel, the phosphors light up.

16. Color Monitors
The monitors can display different colors by combining various intensities of three beams.

17. Mixing of Colors

18. What is being used today?
The most popular display today remains Color monitors CRT.
It has been available for more than 70 years.
CRT is used.
Cost less than LCD monitors.

19. History of the Cathode Ray
1855- Heinrich Geissler creates the mercury pump, the first good vacuum tubes. Sir William Crookes uses these to produce the first cathode rays.
1858- Julius Plücker bends cathode rays using a magnet
1869- J.W. Hittorf establishes that the “rays” travel in straight lines
1883- Heinrich Hertz concludes incorrectly that cathode rays are not made up of particles because they are not deflected by electrically charged metal plates
1895- Jean-Baptiste Perrin shows that cathode rays are particles because they deposit a negative charge where they impact
1897- J.J. Thomson discovers electrons using cathode rays

20. How Monitor Works? Most use a cathode-ray tube as a display device.
CRT: Glass tube that is narrow at one end and opens to a flat screen at the other end.

21. How Monitor Works?
Electrons travel through a vacuum sealed container from the cathode (negative) to the anode (positive).
Because the electrons are negatively charged, they are repelled away from the cathode, and move across the tube to the anode.
The ray can be affected by a magnet because of its relation to positive and negative charges

22. Some Anatomy of the CRT
Anode- Positively Charged, Ray travels towards this
Cathode- Negatively Charged, Ray travels away from this

23. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors
A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron beam. Electron beam travels across the screen to create a visible image.
In a CRT monitor tube, the cathode is a heated filament.
The heated filament is in a vacuum created inside a glass tube. The electrons are negative and the screen gives a positive charge so the screen glows.
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun (a source of electrons) and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam onto the fluorescent screen to create the images. The image may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets and others. CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluoresecent material (if any) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data).
The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep (i.e. long from front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product.
CRTs have largely been superseded by more modern display technologies such as LCD, Plasma, LED and OLED, which offer lower manufacturing and distribution costs.
A cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube which consists of one or more electron guns, possibly internal electrostatic deflection plates, and a phosphor target. In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference. In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of diagnostic instrument.

24. Basic Cathode Ray Tube Electrons excite phosphor to glow
Electrons fired from the back
Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels
Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit

25. Phosphore
It is a semi-conducteur material which emits visible radiation in response to the impact of electrons.
(i.e. when it absorbs energy from some source such as an electron beam, it releases a portion of this energy in the form of light).
In response to a sudden change in the electron beam(from on to off), the light emission does not fall instantaneously, there is a gradual reduction challed ‘fluorescence’ .

26. Scanning Pattern of CRT Electron Gun
The electron gun scans from left to right and
From top to bottom.
Refreshing every phosphor dot in a zig-zag pattern.

27. Advantages of CRT
The cathode rayed tube can easily increase the monitor’s brightness by reflecting the light.
They produce more colours
The Cathode Ray Tube monitors have lower price rate than the LCD display or Plasma display.
The quality of the image displayed on a Cathode Ray Tube is superior to the LCD and Plasma monitors.
The contrast features of the cathode ray tube monitor are considered highly excellent.

28. Disadvantages of CRT They have a big back and take up space on desk.
The electromagnetic fields emitted by CRT monitors constitute a health hazard to the functioning of living cells.
CRTs emit a small amount of X-ray band radiation which can result in a health hazard.
Constant refreshing of CRT monitors can result in headache.
CRTs operate at very high voltage which can overheat system or result in an implosion
Within a CRT a strong vacuum exists in it and can also result in a implosion
They are heavy to pick up and carry around

29. CRT Monitor

30. Liquid Crystal Display - Monitor
It is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs).
LCs do not emit light directly .

31. LCD History
Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888 by Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer.
RCA, an American Laboratory made the first experimental LCD in (1968).
Manufacturers have been developing creative variations and improvements since on LCDs.
In 1997, manufactures began to offer full size LCD monitors as alternatives to CRT monitors.
Until recently, was only used on notebook computers and other portable devices. 31

32. LCD Technology
Used for displays in notebooks, small computers, pagers, phones and other instruments.
Uses a combination of fluorescent-based backlight, color filters, transistors, and liquid crystal to create and illuminate images.
Until recently, was only used on notebook computers and other portable devices. 32

33. From CRT to LCD CRT Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube technology.
Using technology that was developed in the 19th century.
LCD
First LCD laptop monitors were very small due to manufacturing costs but now are available in a variety of sizes.
Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have sharp picture. 33

34. Liquid Crystal Display
There are mainly two categories of LCD.
The passive matrix LCD
The Active matrix LCD

35. Passive Matrix LCD
Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops.
Still being used today for applications less demanding than laptops and TVs.
It consisting of a grid of horizontal and vertical wires.
At the intersection of each grid is an LCD element which constitutes a single pixel, either letting light through or blocking it.
Passive matrix LCD
Pixels arranged in a grid
Pixels are activated indirectly
Row and column are activated
Animation can be blurry

37. Passive Matrix Display

38. Active Matrix LCD
Active-matrix LCDs depend on thin film transistors (TFT).
TFTs are tiny switching transistors and capacitors.
They are arranged in a matrix on a glass substrate.
Each pixel is activated directly
Pixels have 4 transistors
One each for red, green, blue
One for opaqueness
Animation is crisp and clean

39. TFT LCD Screen

40. Advantages of LCD
The sharpness of a LCD display is at maximum tweak ness.
High peak intensity produces very bright images. Best for brightly lit environments.
Screens are perfectly flat.
Thin, with a small footprint. Consume little electricity and produce little heat
The LCD display unit is very light and can be put anywhere or moved anywhere in the house.
Lack of flicker and low glare reduce eyestrain.

41. Disadvantages of LCD
After a while the LCD display the some of the pixels will die you will see a discoloured spot on a black spot on the display.
The cost of a LCD is considerably at a high price.
The LCD display will have slow response times.
The LCD display has a fixed resolution display and cannot be changed.
The viewing angle of a LCD display is very limited.

42. Other types of Monitors
Paper-white displays
High contrast between fore and background
Electro-luminescent displays (ELD)
Similar to LCD
Uses phosphor to produce light
Plasma monitor
Gas is excited to produce light

43. Paper White Display

44. NASA -Electroluminescent displays

45. Plasma Monitors

46. Monitor Specifications
Monitor Specifications can be judged through,
Size
Resolution
Refresh rate
Dot pitch

47. Size A monitor’s size affect how well we can see images.
With a larger monitor, we can make the objects on the screen appear bigger.
Monitors are measured diagonally, in inches, across the front of the screen.
A 17 inch monitor measures 17 inches from the lower left to the upper right corner.
CRT monitors viewing area is smaller than the monitor’s overall size.

48. Resolution
The images you see on your monitor are made of tiny dots called pixels.
The term resolution refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image.
A monitor resolution is determined by the number of pixels on the screen. It is expressed as a Matrix.
The more pixels a monitor displays, higher will be its resolution. Clearer will be images appear.
For example 640 X 480 resolution means that there are 640 pixels horizontally across the screen and 480 pixels vertically down the screen.

49. Resolution Actual resolution is determined by the video controller.
Most monitors can operate at several different resolutions. They are
640 X 480
800 X 600
1024 X 768
1152 X 864
1280 X 1024
As the resolution increases, image on the screen gets smaller.

50. Resolution Settings

51. Standards There are various standards for monitor resolution.
Video Graphics Array standard is 640 X 480 pixels.
Super VGA is 800 x 600 and 1024 x 768.
Today, nearly all color monitors can be set to higher resolution.

52. Refresh Rate
Monitor refresh rate is the number of times per second that the electron guns scan every pixel on the screen.
Refresh rate is important because phosphor dots fade quickly after the electron gun charges them with electrons.
If the screen is not refreshed, it will appear to flicker.
Refresh rate is measured in Hz or Cycles per second.
If the monitor refresh rate is 100 Hz, it means that it refreshes its pixels 100 times every second.

53. Refresh Rate

54. Dot Pitch It is the distance between the same color dots
Ranges between .15 mm and .40 mm
Smaller creates a finer picture
Should be less than .22

55. Dot Pitch

56. Video Cards Interface between computer and a display device.
Unless a computer has graphics capability built into the motherboard, the video card is required.
The CPU, working in conjunction with software applications, sends information about the image to the video card. The video card decides how to use the pixels on the screen to create the image. It then sends that information to the monitor through output interface.

57. Evolution of Video Cards
IBM introduced first video card in 1981, named Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA).
MDA provided text-only displays of green or white text on a black screen.

58. Parts of Video Card

59. How Video card works?
At most common resolution settings, a screen displays over a million pixels, and the computer has to decide what to do with every one in order to create an image.
To do this it needs something to take binary data from the CPU and turn it into a picture you can see.
Unless a computer has graphics capability built into the motherboard, that translation takes place on the graphics card.

60. How Video card works?
The CPU, working in conjunction with software applications, sends information about the image to the graphics card.
The graphics card decides how to use the pixels on the screen to create the image.
It then sends that information to the monitor through a cable.
It is capable of rendering 3D images.

61. Video Card - GPU
Similar to CPU but designed specifically to perform complex mathematical and geometric calculations necessary for graphics rendering.
Less congestion on the system bus
Reduction in the workload of CPU

62. Graphics GPU

63. Video Card - GPU
Operations: bitmap transfers, painting, window resizing and repositioning, line drawing, font scaling and polygon drawing etc.
Some GPUs have image enhancement algorithms built-in.

64. Video Card - GPU
Some of the latest GPUs have more transistors than average CPU and produce a lot of heat. Heat-sinking and fan cooling are required

65. Video Card - Memory
When a video card is connected within the motherboard, it will use the computers random access memory (RAM).
If it is not connected to the motherboard though, the video card often has its own memory known as Video RAM (VRAM).
The capacity of VRAM in modern video cards ranges from 125 to almost 800 MB.

66. Video Card Memory In 2006, DDR technology was the base of the VRAM.
The clock rate of the memory was between 300 MHz and 1.7 GHz.
The Z-buffer is an important part of the video memory. It takes care of the depth coordinates in 3D graphics Modern cards have up to 512 MB RAM

67. Ergonomics and Monitors
Eyestrain
It is the fatigue of the eyes
Steps to avoid
Choose a good monitor
Place the monitor 2 – 3 feet away
Center of screen below eye level
Avoid reflected light

68. Ergonomics and Monitors
Electronic magnetic fields (EMF)
Generated by all electronic devices
EMF may be detrimental to health
Steps to avoid
Keep the computer at arms length
Take frequent breaks
Use an LCD monitor

69. Data Projectors
A video projector is an image projector that receives a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system.

70. Data Projectors They replaced overhead and slide projectors.
Project image onto wall or screen
LCD projectors
Most common type of projector
Small LCD screen
Very bright light
Require a darkened room

71. Data Projectors Digital Light Projectors
A series of mirrors control the display
May be used in a lighted room
Example is Cinema Projectors
Insider information
A projector is rated in lumens. This is a measure of how bright the projector is. Higher lumens ratings result in a brighter projector. For a guide to lumens ratings, see

72. Sound Systems It is an integral part of the computer experience
Capable of recording and playback

73. Sound Systems Sound card are the, Device between the CPU and speakers
Converts digital sounds to analog
Can be connected to several devices
Modern cards support Dolby Surround Sound

74. Sound Card

75. Sound Systems Headphones and headsets
Replacement for speakers and microphones
Offer privacy
Does not annoy other people
Outside noise is not a factor
Headsets have speakers and a microphone
Insider information
The PS2 game SOCOM II Navy Seals includes a USB headset to allow verbal communication with other team members.

76. Practical

77. Goal for your display settings
Screen resolution – 1024 x 768
Dots Per Inch – “Large Size”
(120 DPI)
Base Fonts - “Large Fonts”

78. Changing your computer’s display settings
Then, click here to open the Control Panel
Click Start button

79. Opening “Display” window
Double-click on “Display”

80. Re-setting Resolution
First, click “Settings” tab
Next, move slider-bar to adjust resolution to 1024 by 768 pixels

81. Getting to “Dots Per Inch”
Then, click the “Advanced” button to set Dots Per Inch

82. Resetting Dots Per Inch (DPI)
Change DPI setting to “Large Size” (120 DPI)

83. How does everything look now?
At this point, close the Display settings window and see how your desktop screens look. If nothing has changed, try rebooting.
If you find that everything, including desktop icons and text, is now very, very tiny, you may also need to reset your base font size.

84. Resetting base font size
Click the “Appearance” tab
Set to “Large Fonts”

85. Summary We have learnt Different types of monitors and their uses
Cathode Ray Tube
Video Cards
Sound Cards
Practical

86. THE END