1. SEMINAR ON SURGE CURRENT PROTECTION USING SUPERCONDUCTOR
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: RAJNISH MITTER MAHESH MEENA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT ELDEE726

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION WHAT IS SURGE CURRENT WHAT IS SUPERCONDUCTOR
TYPES OF SUPERCONDUCTOR
FAULT CURRENT LIMITER
PROTECTION SCHEME
APPLICATION
FUTURE PLANS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
Modern power system are growing fast with more generators, transformers and large network in the system. whenever a fault occurs there is a need for the protection of these system. Here we discussed the use of superconductor as protective device for surge current protection. Superconductors conduct electricity, offering zero resistance below certain temperature. We study different types of superconductor as fault current limiter and their working.

4. WHAT IS SURGE CURRENT
The maximum instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first it is turn ON , is defined as surge current it is also known as inrush current or input surge current or switch on surge. Inrush current can be as high as 100 times the normal steady state current and lasts for less than half a normal 60Hz cycle.

5. Surge current waveform

6. WHAT IS SUPERCONDUCTOR
An element, inter-metallic alloy or compound that will conduct electricity without resistance below a certain temperature. The dutch physicist HEIKE KAMERLINGH ONNES of leiden university was the first person to observe superconductivity in mercury. Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance certain materials when cooled below a characteristics critical temperature.

7. MEISSNER EFFECT
When you place a superconductor in a magnetic field, the field is expelled below TC. B B
T >Tc
T < Tc
Magnet
Currents i appear, to cancel B.
i x B on the superconductor
produces repulsion.
Superconductor

8. A superconductor displaying the MEISSNER EFFECT
Superconductors have electronic and magnetic properties. That is, they have a negative susceptibility, and acquire a polarization OPPOSITE to an applied magnetic field. This is the reason that superconducting materials and magnets repel one another.
If the temperature increases the sample will lose its superconductivity and the magnet cannot float on the superconductor.

9. TYPES OF SUPERCONDUCTOR
Low temperature superconductor
example :- lead and mercury-common LTS other LTS are Ti, V, Zr, Nb etc.
High temperature superconductor
exmaple :- YBCO, BSCCO, LSCO etc.

10. STRUCTURE OF SUPERCONDUCTOR
YBCO
LSCO
BSCCO

11. FAULT CURRENT LIMITER
A fault current limiter is a device which limit prospective fault current when a fault occur. Generally FCL are superconductor FCL.
Two major categories of FCL
(1) resistive
(2) inductive

12. SUPERCONDUCTIVE FCL
Fault control with a FCL

13. APPLICATION OF FCL
FCL’s can be applied in a number of distribution or transmission areas.
FCL in the main position

14. FCL protect the entire bus
FCL in the bus-tie position

15. ADVANTAGES
A larger transformer can be used to meet increased demand on a bus without breaker upgrades.
A larger, low impedance transformer can be used to maintain voltage regulation at the new power level.
𝐼 2 𝑡 damage to the transformer is limited.
Reduced fault current flow in the high voltage circuit that feeds the transformer, which minimize the voltage dip on the up stream high voltage bus during a fault on the medium voltage bus.

16. ADVANTAGE continued……
Safety, reliability, and power quality.
Cost for C.B. and fuses can be reduced.
Life of transformers extended.
Reduced or eliminate wide area, blackouts.
Provide protection to T&D equipments.

17. SUPERCONDUCTIVE FAULT CURRENT LIMITER CONCEPT
(1) series resistive limiter
FCL with HTS trigger coil

18. (2) Inductive limiter

19. FUTURE PLAN
TEPCO will develop a three-phase limiter over the next three to four years and test it in the grid within this century. The current plan is to introduce solid state breakers for distribution before installing superconductive FCL. The true application for the superconducting FCL is at transmission voltages of 500 kV.

20. REFERENCES IEEE transaction on applied superconductivity

21. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this paper was the study of surge current protection using superconductors. The Superconductor Fault Current Limiters offers efficient advantages to power systems and opens up a major application for superconducting materials.

22. ANY QUERIES??