1. Grab a Marker and Trade Papers PES AND ELECTRON LOCATIONS WEB LESSON ANSWERS

2. 1.Protons and electrons are the charges in Coulomb’s law and they attract because their charges are opposite. 2.The distance between the nucleus and the electrons. 3.Electrons repel each other as they have the same charge, and protons repel each other. 4.Energy – J 5.Number of electrons 6.The amount of energy to remove the electron 7.One electron

3. 8.The energy to remove an electron 9.Two electrons 10.Harder (takes more energy) 11.Helium has more protons and thus more effective nuclear charge than hydrogen so helium’s nucleus attracts the electrons stronger and it takes more energy to remove them. 12. 1s 2 2s 1 13.2 peaks 14.2s 1 15.The 2s 1 electron is farther from the nucleus so it is less attracted by the nucleus and thus easier (less energy) to remove.

4. 16. The graph became too long to show on a single line 17. 1s 2 2s 2 18. 11.5 19. 0.90 20. The 2s 2 electrons are farther from the nucleus thus more weakly attracted so they take less energy to remove. 21. It increases 22. More effective nuclear charge means it is harder to remove electrons and so takes more energy. 23. The first peak decreased in energy.

5. 24. The electron-electron repulsion of adding an electron into an orbital where there was already another electron makes it easier to remove the new electron and thus less energy to remove. 25. The graph is too big for just two lines. 26. The outside electron’s peak is very low in energy on the graph meaning it is very easy to remove. 27. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 28. There is one electron in the outermost sublevel – 3s 1

6. 29. 3s < 2p < 2s < 1s 30. The environment can only supply enough energy to lose 1 electron. 31. P – S as the 4 th electron in the 3p sublevel is in an orbital that already has an electron the electron-electron repulsion makes it easier to remove, thus it decreases in ionization energy 32. close to the left of the graph 33. it appears to the right of the 4s peak 34. 3d must be closer to the nucleus than 4s as it takes more energy to remove electrons from 3d

7. 35. It is easier to remove the two electrons in the 4s than the 3d electrons, so a +2 ion is formed. 36. +3 would be the next oxidation state 37. 4s < 3d < 3p < 3s < 2p < 2s < 1s 38. Between n=3 and n=2 39. They should take similar amounts of energy 40. It should be to the left of peak A and half the height of peak A 2 pts/x