1. ILC Positron Source Update Wei Gai Posipol 2012

2. 2 ILC RDR baseline schematic (2007 IHEP meeting) Collimator OMD 150GeV e- ~147GeV e- Target TAP (~125MeV) PPA(125-400MeV) PBSTR (Cryo-modules for boosting energy up to 5GeV)  dump e- dump Damping ring helical undulator 

3. Location of sources at the ILC RDR: SB2009 and TDR

4. TDR Parameters: Optimize the positron yields for known technologies: – Superconducting helical undulator. Undulator parameter: K=0.92, l u=1.15cm, length reduced from 231m to 147m – Capturing magnets Optical matching device: FC is now in TDR baseline instead of ¼ transformer – Targets: 0.4 X0 Ti, 1m diameter, 2000 RPM Damping ring acceptance – Energy spread +/-0.5% => +/- 0.75% – emittance_x + emittance_y < 0.09 m-rad emittance_x + emittance_y < 0.07m-rad Goal: – Achieve yield of 1.5 positrons per electron in the drive beam. 30%.

5. Summary Parameters 5 ParameterRDRSB2009TDRUnits e+ per bunch at IP2 x 10^101 to 2 x 10^102x10^10 Bunches per pulse25251312 e+ energy (DR injection)555GeV DR transverse acceptance0.09 0.07m-rad DR energy acceptance±0.5 ± 0.75% e- drive beam energy150125-250150/175/250GeV e- energy loss in undulator3.010.5-4.93/2.6/2.0GeV Undulator period11.5 mm Undulator strength0.92 0.92/0.75/0.45 Active undulator length147 (210 after pol. Upgrade) 231 max.147m Field on axis0.86 0.86/0.698/0.42T Beam aperture5.85 mm Photon energy (1 st harm.)101.1 (50 GeV) 28 (250 GeV) 10/16.2/42.8MeV Photon beam power131Max: 102 at 150 GeV63.1/54.7/41.7kW Target materialTi-6%Al-4%V Target thickness14 mm Target power adsorption887/7.2/5% PEDD in target232.5/295.3/304.3J/cm^3 Dist. Undulator center - target 500 500?m e+ Polarization342230%

6. Status of the critical hardware components 4 meter cryo-module, two 1.7m long RDR undulator. (Completed, STFC/RAL/Daresbury) Target wheel prototype design and test. (Lancaster/Cockcroft/STFC/LLNL) Rotating vacuum seal prototype test. (LLNL, Ongoing) Capturing RF structure. (SLAC, Completed) Flux Concentrator prototype design. (LLNL, New engineering design with water cooling) New short period, high K undulator. (Cockcroft/STFC, ongoing), salc/micro=wave). Remote handling/target removal engineering design (IHEP, almost done)

7. ILC Positron source optimization: Cases Studied: Common Input Parameters: – Undulator parameter: K=0.92, l u=1.15cm – Target: 0.4 X0 Ti – Drift between undulator and target: 400m – Photon collimator: None OMD: – Flux Concentrator Capturing (137 m long Undulator). – Quarter Wave Transformer Capturing (231 m long undulator). Undulator Impacts on Drive Beam – Energy Spread and, – Emittance Target Energy Deposition. Path toward higher polarizations – Photon collimators

8. A pulsed flux concentrator Pulsing the exterior coil enhances the magnetic field in the center. – Needs ~ 1ms pulse width flattop – Similar device built 40 years ago. Cryogenic nitrogen cooling of the concentrator plates.

9. Conditions RF: 15MV/m for 1 st meter and 8MV/m for the rest OMD: FC, varying B0 with fixed length of 14cm Capture evaluated at ~125MeV

10. Capture Efficiency for RDR Undulator with Different Drive Beam Energy

11. Capture Efficiency for 250 GeV Drive Beam with Different K of Undulators FC QWT

12. Yield and Pol 250GeV drive beam RDR with different drive beam

13. Explanation of Pol-B0 relation As displayed in the plots, particles with lower energy tends to have bigger emitting angle and lower polarization. When B0 get smaller, more lower energy particles will pass through the barrier created by the ramping up of B field and being captured. Meanwhile, more particles with higher energy but bigger angle will escape the capture as the field get weaker. That’s why lowering B0 will lower the polarization of captured beam initially. When B0 get even smaller, the low energy and bigger emitting angle particles will escape the capture and then the captured positron beam polarization starts going up

14. RDR undulator, 250GeV 60% Pol. possibility Pol. Yield With FC having B0 ~2.5T, 60% polarization and 1.5 yield can be achieved with photon collimator having an iris of ~0.55mm in radius using 231m RDR undulator

15. Yield Calculations Using RDR Undulator Parameters (137 meter and FC without photon collimators ) Drive beam energy YieldPolarizat ion Required Undulator Length for 1.5 Yield Emittance Growth X/Y for 1.5 Yield* Energy Spread from Undulator for 1.5 Yield 50 GeV0.00330.42Very long 100 GeV0.29110.39685 m 150 GeV1.5310.34137 m ~ -2.5%/-1.6%0.17% 200 GeV3.3360.2761 m 250 GeV5.0530.2340 m ~-1%/-0.4%0.18% * No Quads misalignment included.

16. Emittance growth due to BPM to Quad misalignments -- From Jim Clark’s report

17. Beamline Lattice New lattice design has been done to comply with the new layouts as follow. 17

18. Optics parameter of the new ILC positron source beamline lattice

19. Typical particle distribution at key points End of PTAPAEnd of PCAPEnd of PPA End of PTRANH Before energy CompressorAt the end of beamline, the treaty point to damping ring

20. Energy deposition/accumulation on Target Centre-of-mass energy E cm (GeV) Parameter 200230250350500 Positron pulse production rateHz55555 Electron beam energy (e+ prod.)GeV150 178252 Number of electron bunchesnbnb 1312 Electron bunch populationN+N+ ×10 10 22222 Required undulator fieldBT0.86 0.6980.42 undulator period length u cm1.15 undulator KK0.92 0.750.45 Average photon power on targetkW911001075542 Incident photon energy per bunchJ9.6 8.16.0 Energy deposition per bunch (e+ prod.)J0.72 0.590.31 Relative energy deposition%7% 7.20%5% Photon rms spot size on targetmm1.4 1.20.8 Peak energy density in targetJ/cm 3 232.5 295.3304.3 J/g51.7 65.667.5

21. Shockwaves in the target Energy deposition causes shockwaves in the material –If shock exceeds strain limit of material chunks can spall from the face The SLC target showed spall damage after radiation damage had weakened the target material. Initial calculations from LLNL had shown no problem in Titanium target Two groups are trying to reconfirm result –FlexPDE (S. Hesselbach, Durham  DESY) –ANSYS (L. Fernandez-Hernando, Daresbury) –No definitive results yet Investigating possible shockwave experiments –FLASH(?) –https://znwiki3.ifh.de/LCpositrons/TargetShockWave Study SLC positron target after decommissioning S. Hesselbach, Durham 11/11/2010 JGronberg, LLNL Global Design Effort 21

22. Remote Handling Use detailed target, RF, etc model in Fluka – Andriy –Confirmed by IHEP, China Model established –Jia/ IHEP Simple design, low cost. RH scenarios refined –Changeover times (requirement ties in with lifetime of kit in RH), a day –Replacement of pillow seals? Pillow seals need R&D Engineering design compatible with source layout – IHEP, Xuejun Jia

23. TeV upgrade scenarios Scenarios has been Studied by both DESY and ANL Proposed K=1, u=4.3cm

24. 24 Polarization upgrade  The lattice/layout of ILC positron source have left enough space for 231m effective undulator length  With the progress in FC prototyping at LLNL, only 147m long undulator will be needed to produce enough positron intensity without photon collimator. The extra space can be used for additional undulator modules for polarization upgrade  A multi stage photon collimator conceptual design for polarization upgrade has been done at DESY

25. Issues with ILC positron sources Risk assessments for the e+ system: – Undulator (OK, more RD needed for different scenarios other than Baseline) – Photon Collimators (good progress made, conceptual design done, need a engineering design) – Capturing magnets (design done, prototyping done?) – Target (Tested, other engineering issues, OK) – Pre-accelerator (done) – RH (Engineering design done). – Lattice (Done). Sources TeV upgrade seems to be OK.

26. Next for ILC, TDR, almost done, will have a collaboration meeting this Friday to go through the write-up. At next LCWS, Arlington in October, we will have the final version of TDR submitted. Higgs factory source design… 26