1. Urinary Procedures

2. AP PROJECTION (SCOUT AND SERIES): INTRAVENOUS (EXCRETORY) UROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Scout demonstrates abnormal calcifications that may be urinary calculi. After injection, the AP projection may demonstrate signs of obstruction, hydronephrosis, tumor, or infection.
Intravenous (Excretory) Urography—IVU
BASIC
• AP (scout and series)
• Nephrotomogram
• RPO and LPO (30°)
• AP—postvoid erect or recumbent

3. IVU scout and series.

4. Technical Factors • Moving or stationary grid • 70 to 75 kV range
• Minute markers where applicable
• IR size—35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), lengthwise; for nephrogram—28 × 35 cm (11 × 14 inches), crosswise

5. Shielding
Shield gonads on males, keeping the shield below the superior margin of the symphysis pubis. Shield both males and females for nephrogram.
Patient Position
Situate patient supine, with pillow for head, arms at sides away from body, and support under knees to relieve back strain.
Part Position
• Align midsagittal plane to center line of table and to CR.
• Ensure no rotation of trunk or pelvis.
• Include symphysis pubis on bottom of IR without cutting off upper kidneys. (A second smaller IR for bladder area may be necessary on hypersthenic patients.)

7. Central Ray
• CR is perpendicular to IR.
• Center CR and IR to level of iliac crest and to midsagittal plane.
• Minimum SID is 40 inches (100 cm).
Collimation
Collimate to IR or smaller if possible.
Respiration
Suspend respiration on expiration and expose.
Note: Have patient empty bladder immediately before beginning exam so that contrast media in the bladder is not diluted. Explain procedure and obtain clinical history before injecting contrast media. Be prepared for possible reaction to contrast media.

9. Radiographic Criteria
Structures Shown: • Entire urinary system is visualized from upper renal shadows to distal urinary bladder. The symphysis pubis should be included on lower margin of the IR. • After injection, only a portion of the urinary system may be opacified on a specific radiograph in the series.
Position: • No rotation as evidenced by symmetry of iliac wings and ribcage.
Collimation and CR: • Collimation borders to IR margins on top and bottom to prevent cutoff of essential anatomy. • Complete arch of symphysis pubis visible on bottom margin of radiograph, with center of image at level of iliac crest.
Exposure Criteria and Markers: • No motion due to respiration or movement. • Appropriate technique with short-scale contrast demonstrating the urinary system. • Minute markers and R or L markers visible on all series radiographs.

10. NEPHROTOMOGRAM AND NEPHROGRAM: INTRAVENOUS (EXCRETORY) UROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Nephrogram or nephrotomogram demonstrates conditions and trauma to the renal parenchyma. Renal cysts and/or adrenal masses may be demonstrated during this phase of the IVU.
A nephrogram involves a single AP radiograph of the kidney region taken within 60 seconds following injection.

11. Technical Factors
• Linear tomography
• IR size—24 × 30 centimeters (10 × 12 inches), or 28 × 35 centimeters (11 × 14 inches), crosswise
Shielding
Shield gonadal area for both males and females.
Patient Position
Position patient supine, with pillow for head, arms at side away from body, and support under knees to relieve back strain.
Part Position
• Align midsagittal plane to center line of table/grid.
• Ensure no rotation of trunk or pelvis

12. RPO AND LPO POSITIONS: INTRAVENOUS (EXCRETORY) UROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Signs of infection, trauma, and obstruction of the elevated kidney are shown. Also demonstrates trauma or obstruction of the downside ureter.
RPO—30°. Inset, 30° LPO

13. RPO

14. Postvoid Pathology Demonstrated
Position may demonstrate enlarged prostate (possible BPH) or prolapse of the bladder.
The erect position demonstrates nephroptosis (abnormal positional change of kidneys).

16. AP PROJECTION • LPO AND RPO POSITIONS • LATERAL POSITION (OPTIONAL): CYSTOGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Signs of cystitis, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and bladder calculi are visualized. Lateral demonstrates possible fistulas between bladder and uterus or rectum.
Cystography
BASIC
• AP (10° to 15° caudad)
• Both oblique positions (45° to 60°)

17. AP (10° to 15° caudad)

19. Posterior Oblique Positions:
• 45° to 60° body rotation. (Steep oblique positions are used to visualize posterolateral aspect of bladder, especially UV junction.)
RPO (45° to 60°).

20. 45°

21. RPO (30°) POSITION—MALE • AP PROJECTION—FEMALE: VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Functional study of the urinary bladder and urethra determines cause of urinary retention and evaluates for possible vesicoureteral reflux.
Voiding Cystourethrography
BASIC
• Male—RPO (30°)
• Female—AP

22. Male:
• Oblique body 30° into the RPO position.
• Superimpose urethra over soft tissues of right thigh.

23. Female:
• Position patient supine or erect into the AP position.
• Center midsagittal plane to table or film holder.
• Extend and slightly separate legs.