1. Mechanisms controlling DOC transport; Surface flow vs pipes vs groundwater Pippa Chapman, School of Geography University of Leeds water@leeds

2. Sources of DOC in aquatic systems – Allochthonous sources – are derived outside of the stream from soil and vegetation within the catchment (terrestrial organic matter) – Autochthonous sources – are derived from in- stream biological production (e.g. algae and macrophytes) water@leeds

3. DOC is produced during the decomposition of organic matter in soil Peat soils contain most organic matter – Major source of DOC Production of DOC is a biological process: – Increases with temperature and aeration – So more produced in summer From Hope et al., 1994 water@leeds

4. Overland flow - typically saturation-excess driven. Micropore throughflow - typically close to the surface (top 5 cm). Macropore/tunnel/pipe ‘bypassing’ flow Transport of DOC in peatlands

5. water@leeds There is a strong relationship between soil water DOC at 10 cm depth and stream water DOC (r 2 = 0.47, P<0.001) at Cottage Hill Sike, Moor House, N Pennines (Clark et al., 2008). This is consistent with hydrological studies at this site that have shown most runoff originates from the top 5 cm (Holden and Burt, 2003). Note: despite large fluctuations in discharge little variation in DOC Role of throughflow From Clark et al., 2008

6. water@leeds Role of overland flow : based on Cottage Hill Sike from Clark et al., 2007 DOC concentrations decreased during autumn storms No relationship observed between DOC and flow Flux calculation based on weekly ECN sampling was 16% greater than flux based on 4 hourly sampling. Excluding storm events resulted in over-estimation of DOC flux 50% of DOC export is associated with the highest 10% of discharge values. Hinton et al (1997) reported similar findings for a catchment in central Ontario, Canada.

7. water@leeds Soil map of Glendye, NE Scotland (from Dawson) From Hinton et al., 1997. Biogeochem.

8. Pipeflow runoff pathway coupling Mineral substrate Blanket peat Pipe network Rapid near-surface macropore and matrix infiltration Saturation-excess overland flow and near-surface through flow Very limited deep matrix seepage ? Localised ephemeral interface flow

9. water@leeds Role of pipeflow

10. Autosamplers – much more detail water@leeds P5 13 March 2008

11. Importance of pipeflow in Cottage Hill Sike Initial calculations suggest that: 20-30 % of stream flow originates from pipes 53 % of the DOC originates from the pipes (typically ranges between 5-75 % depending on conditions) Pipe probably tap deep/old carbon as well as new carbon (to be further tested with isotopic analysis) Very variable carbon response between pipes and between storms Chemistry of at least one pipe suggests that ground water feeds pipe at low flow water@leeds

12. Summary DOC transported from peat to stream by a combination of overland flow, through flow and pipe flow Response of stream water DOC to storm events dependent on number of source waters and location within the catchment with respect to soil distribution Transport of DOC from peat and organo-mineral soils is not the same due to differences in hydrology and soil profile properties Some streams fed by groundwater during low flow – low DOC, pH 6-7. Largest loss of DOC (~50%) from peat and organo-mineral soils occurs in only 10% of time during high flow events

13. water@leeds Acknowledgments – Jo Clark, Joe Holden, Richard Smart, Andy Baird, Mike Billett, Kerry Dinsmore – NERC- funded Jo Clark’s PhD (2000-2004) – NERC - funded Pipe project (2007-2010) – ECN – use of data – Natural England – use of Moor House NNR