1. Threaded Fasteners

2. Nomenclature and Definitions
Fastener Types
Head Style
Drive Type
Threads
Identification
Grade
Nuts and Washers
Thread Representation
Miscellaneous

3. Fastener Types
Bolt
Bolts are defined as headed fasteners having external threads that meet an exacting, uniform bolt thread specification such that they can accept a non-tapered nut.
Screws are defined as headed, externally-threaded fasteners that do not meet the above definition of bolts. Screws always cut their own internal threads when initially installed, as there is generally no tool meeting the arbitrary specification of their threads to tap out the internal threads beforehand.  Also, they are generally tapered to a sharp point.
Machine Screw
Not really a screw by definition
no chamfer
<ؽ”
< 3.0” in length

4. Head Style Flat A countersunk head with a flat top. Abbreviated FH
Oval A countersunk head with a rounded top. Abbreviated OH or OV
Pan A slightly rounded head with short vertical sides. Abbreviated PN
Truss An extra wide head with a rounded top.
Round A domed head. Abbreviated RH

5. Head Style (cont’d) Hex A hexagonal Head. Abbreviated HH or HX
Hex Washer A hex head with built in washer.
Slotted Hex Washer A hex head with built in washer and a slot.
Socket Head Cap A small cylindrical head using a socket drive.
Button A low profile rounded head using a socket drive.

6. Drive Type Phillips An X shaped drive. Abbreviated - PH
Slotted A slot in the head. Abbreviated - SL
Combination A combination of slotted and Phillips drives. Abbreviated - Combo
Socket, Hex or Allen A hexagonal hole for use with an Allen wrench.

7. Threads Thread Count (TPI)
TPI stands for Threads Per Inch. This is simply a count of the number of threads per inch measured along the length of a fastener. In general smaller fasteners have finer threads, so the thread count is higher.
Thread Pitch
Metric fasteners are specified with a thread pitch instead of a thread count. The thread pitch is the distance between threads expressed in millimeters (measured along the length of the fastener). For example a thread pitch of 1.5 means that the distance between one thread and the next is 1.5mm. In general smaller fasteners have finer thread so they have lower thread pitch.
Lead – Distance a bolt will travel during one complete revolution. (Equals pitch.)

8. Thread Types Unified Thread American National Thread Sharp-V Thread
UNC – Unified National Coarse
UNF – Unified National Fine
American National Thread
Sharp-V Thread
Metric Thread
Whitworth Thread
Square Thread
Acme Thread
Buttress Thread
Rolled Thread
Pipe Thread
NPT – National Pipe Taper
NPS – National Pipe Straight

9. Unified Threads (detail)
P = Pitch = 1/Number of threads per inch (TPI)
H = Angular Depth = x P
d = Actual Depth = x P or 5/8 H
Hn = Basic height of Internal Thread = x P or 5/8 H
Hs = Basic height of External Thread = x P
H/8 = Shortening of major dia. = x P
H/4 = Shortening of minor dia. = x P

10. Thread Detail cont’d Crest Width = 1/8 Pitch Root Width = ¼ Pitch
r = Radius at the Root = x P

11. Internal and External Threads
Thread fit comparison

12. Thread Representations
Detailed - Pictorial, Time Consuming to Draw
Schematic
Simplified – Preferred method, versatile

13. Thread Representations

14. Identification
In the United States, the convention for describing threads is to give the length of the bolt, followed by the nominal diameter and then the number of threads per inch. So, for example, one might ask for a “2-inch quarter-twenty bolt,” which would be
2 inches long,
have a nominal diameter of a quarter of an inch, and
have twenty threads to the inch.
If the bolt is smaller than a quarter-inch in diameter, the gauge number will precede the TPI instead of the diameter. A typical smaller fastener could be “a 1-inch #8-32,” “8” being a gauge number and “32” the number of threads per inch.

15. Thread Identification
Proper annotation
¼-20 x 2.5 UNC 2B
Class Fit
1-Loose
2-Standard
3-Close
Internal or external
A-External threads
B-Internal threads

16. Identification (cont’d.)
Bolt length
For fasteners where the head usually sits above the surface, the measurement is from directly under the head to the end of the fastener.
For fasteners that are designed to be countersunk, the measurement is made from the point on the head where the surface of the material is, to the end of the fastener.
Thread length –
Up to 6” bolt = 2D+1/4”
Over 6” bolt = 2D+1/2”
Bolts too short for the formula are threaded up to the head.
Bolts can also be designated “full thread”.

17. Grade
Grade 5 fasteners are 120 ksi fasteners. This means the tensile strength is 120,000 lbs per square inch. Grade 8’s are 150 ksi fasteners meaning the tensile strength is 150,000 lbs per square inch. Also, the ultimate shear strength of a fastener is typically about 60% of its ultimate tension strength. So given a certain diameter (cross-sectional area) and strength rating, someone can figure out how much load that fastener can carry in both tension and shear.

18. Nuts and Washers Hex A six sided nut.
Also referred to as a finished hex nut.
Nylon Insert Lock A nut with a nylon insert to prevent backing off. Also referred to as a Nylock
Jam
A hex nut with a reduced height.
Wing
A nut with 'wings' for hand tightening.
Cap
A nut with a domed top over the end
of the fastener.

19. Nuts and Washers (cont’d.)
Acorn Acorn nuts are a high crown type of cap nut,
used for appearance.
Flange A nut with a built in washer like flange.
Tee A nut designed to be driven into wood to create
a threaded hole.
Square A four sided nut.
K-Lock or Kep A nut with an attached free-spinning external
tooth lock washer.

20. Nuts and Washers (cont’d.)
Flat A flat washer used to distribute load.
Split Lock The most common style of washer used to
prevent nuts and bolts from backing out.
External Tooth Lock A washer with external 'teeth' Used to prevent
nuts and bolts from backing out.
Internal Tooth Lock A washer with internal 'teeth' Used to prevent
Fender An oversize flat washer used to further distribute
load especially on soft materials.
Finishing A washer used to obtain a 'finished' look.
Usually used with oval or flat head screws.

21. Miscellaneous LH / RH Thread Set Screw Shoulder Bolt Carriage Bolt
Counter sink
Counter bore
Thru Hole
Tap
Die
Rivet
Pin
Key
Retaining Ring