1. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering More. TM Fuel additives and their role in vehicle CO2 reduction John Bennett Afton Chemical Limited

2. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Presentation outline Afton Chemical Market changes Fuel additives

3. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering More. TM Afton Chemical

4. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Afton today 1924Present Annual sales now $1 billion 1,100 employees worldwide Formed in 1924 as the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation Newmarket Corporation formed in July 2004

5. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Afton worldwide Tokyo Bracknell Richmond Rio Feluy Sarnia Sauget Houston Port Arthur Sydney Bejing Singapore Moscow Paris Hamburg Brussels Mumbai Dubai Vienna Manufacturing Plants R&D and Testing Facilities Sales Offices

6. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Engine Oils Passenger Car Motor Oils HD Diesel Oils Medium Speed Diesel Oil Viscosity Index Improvers Components Engine Oils Passenger Car Motor Oils HD Diesel Oils Medium Speed Diesel Oil Viscosity Index Improvers Components Driveline ATF, CVT, DCT Automotive Gear Tractor Driveline ATF, CVT, DCT Automotive Gear Tractor Industrial Hydraulic Slideway, Turbine Metalworking Grease Industrial Gear Industrial Hydraulic Slideway, Turbine Metalworking Grease Industrial Gear Fuels Gasoline Performance Diesel Performance Refinery Chemicals Home Heating Oil Fuels Gasoline Performance Diesel Performance Refinery Chemicals Home Heating Oil Afton’s product focus

7. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering More. TM Market Changes

8. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Current Fuel Changes in EU Gasoline. Sulphur reduction  10 ppm max from 1/1/2009 Increasing ethanol  10% max expected in next Fuels Directive  Separate grade?  85% ethanol (E85) growth in some markets Diesel Sulphur reduction  10 ppm max from 1/1/2009 Increasing biodiesel  EN590 to go 5% > 7% max during 2009  10% standard being developed in CEN Increasing biofuel use. Do biofuels affect fuel quality? Increasing biofuel use. Do biofuels affect fuel quality?

9. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Vehicle changes Gasoline Increased power density / downsizing Turbocharging Direct injection Thermal management Flex fuel vehicles Diesel Increased power density / downsizing Compound pressure charging Direct injection common rail  All current Light Duty  Heavy Duty applications increasing Increased fuel stress (heat and pressure) Reduced tolerance to inadequate fuel quality Increased fuel stress (heat and pressure) Reduced tolerance to inadequate fuel quality

10. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering More. TM Fuel additives to ensure ‘Fit for Purpose’ and maintain performance

11. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Additive controlled mineral / biofuel blend parameters Gasoline + ethanol Corrosion inhibition* Deposit control* Lubricity / friction* Stability Diesel + biodiesel Oxidation Stability Cold flow Deposit control* Demulsification Antifoam Corrosion inhibition Lubricity (positive effect) *examples to be shown

12. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Gasoline + ethanol: effect of corrosion inhibitor on rusting. Base petrol. 100% rust. ‘E’ rating. Base petrol + 10% ethanol + 30 ppm Afton BioTEC T M 9880 0% rust. ‘A’ rating. Note - Ethanol can cause corrosion throughout the fuel distribution system, so should be inhibited at source

13. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Effect of ethanol corrosion inhibitor type on intake valve deposits Corrosion inhibitor choice can affect more than just corrosion; CI ‘Y’ = BioTEC T M 9880

14. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Intake valve and injector deposits with ethanol blends Base fuel Base fuel + detergent

15. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Effect of ethanol on deposits and detergent treat rate. Ethanol affects detergent response

16. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Effect of detergent treat rate on intake valve deposits for E85 high ethanol blends A = E85 using petrol with low detergent (U.S. LAC) B = E85 using petrol with high detergent. C = Entire E85 blend additised High blends of ethanol still require detergents Detergent type may change for high blend

17. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ High Speed Diesel Injection – Market penetration Mid 1990’s - Direct Injection (DI) engines moving into passenger cars 1997 - first commercial use of common rail injection in a diesel car. 2004 – DI common rail almost universal in modern LD 8 million new diesel cars in Western Europe in 2007 – all HSDI

18. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Base fuels + additives FAME + additive = synergistic effect Peugeot XUD-9 performance with FAME XUD-9 engine. Only European Industry test for injector deposit up to April ‘08. Indirect Injection + rotary fuel injection pump.

19. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) Current EURO IV+ technologies are sensitive to injector fouling, but the mechanism and effect is different to older IDI engines –Higher temperatures & pressures –Small nozzle hole diameters / multiple nozzle holes –Increased control complexity Multiple / pilot injection Rate shaping Effect of fouling –Full flow reduction => power loss –Spray pattern degraded => increased emissions New industry test introduced with representative modern engine technology: CEC SG-F-098 DW-10 injector nozzle coking test.

20. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ DW-10 test. Engine, cycle, speed and load. Peugeot 2.0 litre HDi engine with high- pressure common-rail injection system. 72 hour overall test cycle duration, with 32 hours engine running on test fuel. Fuel performance measured as loss of power comparing finish to start.

21. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Coking performance with fuel containing zinc. Base fuel + zinc Base fuel + zinc + Afton detergent

22. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Coking performance with fuel containing 10% Biodiesel. Compare to zinc results Base fuel + B10 + Afton detergent Base fuel + B10

23. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering More. TM Fuel additives to improve base engine efficiency

24. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Fuel consumption effects of ethanol plus a performance additive package. Effect of low heating value of ethanol

25. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Estimated CO 2 reduction for a fuel containing 10% bioethanol + performance additive.

26. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Not discussed in this presentation Cetane improvers Cold flow improvers Both offer improved refinery and blending efficiency, and potential CO 2 reductions Fuel additives to improve refinery efficiency

27. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering more.™ Conclusions Fuel additives can reduce transport based CO2 –Facilitate wider use of renewable fuels –Improve engine and fuel efficiency. Biofuels in fuel blends can affect base fuel performance and additive response. Additives remove deposits and can reduce friction to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions. Corrosion inhibiting additives reduce risk of fuel system attack from ethanol use. Selection of additives must take into account any biofuels being used, and additive supplier should be consulted. Afton additives give superb response in biofuel blends Combining renewable fuels and additives can offer significantly improved ‘Well to Wheels’ CO2 emissions.

28. Global Fuels Division Working together. Delivering More. TM Thank you Dr. John Bennett Fuel Additives Technical Manager Afton Chemical Limited John.Bennett @ aftonchemical.com +44 1344 35 6588