1. Pneumothorax

2. Pneumothorax Defintion :-
Presence of air inside the pleural space due to defect in the parietal or visceral pleura

4. Pathology of pneumothorax

5. Causes of pneumothorax
1- Spontaneous
Commenst type.
Young adults
Thin and tall who do not have lung disease.
Males are affected 4 times than females.
Usually at the lung apex .
May be due to rupture of congenital pleural bleb.
Note :-
Pleural bleb :- A small gas space inside the visceral pleura.

6. Causes of pneumothorax
2- Injury
A- Through a chest wall e.g stab wound.
B- Road traffic accident .
3- Lung diseases
Uncommon complication of some lung diseases such as asthma , emphysema and pneumonia.

7. Clinical pictures 1- Chest pain 2- Shortness of breath 3- Fainting
4- Rarely cardiac arrest in severe cases ("tension pneumothorax").

8. Types of pneumothorax
1- Simple
2- Tension

9. Pneumothorax X-ray views in cases of pneumothorax:-
PA inspiratory film
+/- PA expiratory film
+/ - Lateral decubitus film while patient lying on his normal side

10. Radiographic appearance
1- Simple pneumothorax
Translucent area deprived from lung markings
Thin , white , sharp line represents visceral pleura
+/- lung collapse

13. Pneumothorax No vascular markings on right
No shift of mediastinum to left
Atelectatic right lung
Small fluid level near costophrenic angle: (Hydro pneumothorax )

14. Radiographic appearance
2- Tension pneumothorax
Translucent area deprived from lung markings
Thin , white , sharp line represents visceral pleura
+/- lung collapse
Shift of the mediastinal structure away from the diseased side

15. Pneumothorax No vascular markings on right
Shift of mediastinum to left
Atelectatic right lung

17. Tension Pneumothorax No vascular markings on right
Shift of mediastinum to left
Atelectatic right lung

18. Pneumothorax Air in pleural cavity: no vascular markings
Increased density of atelectatic lung: abnormal lung
Larger right hemithorax
Other findings include:
Calcified diaphragmatic pleural plaque

25. Hydropneumothorax Definition : Causes :- Radiographic picture
Presence of air and fluid in the pleural space .
Causes :-
Trauma
Surgery
Radiographic picture
Air fluid level in the hemithorax

26. Hydropneumothorax Air in pleural cavity Lung margin visible
Bilateral fluid level
Note:- Any time you see a horizontal fluid level, it means that there is air and fluid in the pleural space

28. hydropneumothorax

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