1. 33 Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present
QUIT 33
CHAPTER
Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
Two Superpowers Face Off
MAP
SECTION
SECTION 2
Communists Triumph in China
SECTION 3
War in Korea and Vietnam
SECTION 4
Cold War Around the World
GRAPH
SECTION 5
The Cold War Thaws
Visual Summary

2. 33 Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present
HOME 33
CHAPTER
Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
Chapter Overview
After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States emerge as rivals. This rivalry is mainly diplomatic and strategic, but also leads both to become involved in military actions around the world. The rivalry dominates world politics for four decades.

3. 33 Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present HOME Time Line 1945
CHAPTER
Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
Time Line
1945 United Nations formed.
1957 Soviets launch Sputnik.
1975 Vietnam War ends.
1997 South Korea aids North Korea, but the two remain divided.
1945
2002
1949 Communists take control of China.
1959 Cuban Revolution overthrows Batista regime.
1979 Nicaraguan Communists topple U.S.-backed dictatorship.

4. Two Superpowers Face Off Key Idea 1
HOME 1
Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
Key Idea
The Soviet Union builds a buffer zone in Eastern Europe, and the United States aids its Western European allies as it struggles to block Communist expansion.
Overview
Assessment

5. Two Superpowers Face Off Overview 1 • United Nations • iron curtain
HOME 1
Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• United Nations
• iron curtain
• containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Cold War
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• brinkmanship
• U-2 incident
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The conflicting aims between the United States and the Soviet Union led to global competition.
The conflicts between these two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the modern world.
Assessment

6. Two Superpowers Face Off 1 1
HOME 1
Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Cold War
Conflicting aims in Europe
Soviet defiance of Yalta agreement
Desire for world domination
Berlin blockade
Incompatible political and economic philosophies
continued . . .

7. Two Superpowers Face Off 1 1
HOME 1
Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
2. What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe? THINK ABOUT
• the effects of World War II
• the location of the Soviet Union
• U.S. aims in Europe
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• To protect borders
• To counteract U.S. influence in Europe
• To have access to raw materials to help rebuild war-ravaged country
• To keep Germany from rebuilding and attacking Russia again
End of Section 1

8. Communists Triumph in China Key Idea 2
HOME 2
Communists
Triumph in China
Key Idea
China splits into two nations—one Communist and one Nationalist. Mao Zedong expands the Communist state and launches ambitious, but often disastrous, programs to transform its society.
Overview
Assessment

9. Communists Triumph in China Overview 2 • Mao Zedong • Jiang Jieshi
HOME 2
Communists
Triumph in China
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Mao Zedong
• Jiang Jieshi
• commune
• Red Guards
• Cultural Revolution
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After World War II, Chinese Communists defeated Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerged.
China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage.
Assessment

10. Communists Triumph in China 2 2
HOME 2
Communists
Triumph in China
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the reforms Mao Zedong proposed for China.
Aspect of Life
Reform
Agriculture
Industry
Family
Divided land among peasants
Established collective farms
Established communes
Nationalized private companies
Set high production goals
Supported women workers
Sponsored childcare
continued . . .

11. Communists Triumph in China 2 2
HOME 2
Communists
Triumph in China
Section 2
Assessment
2. What policies or actions enabled the Communists to defeat the Nationalists in their long civil war?
THINK ABOUT
• the goals of each group
• the leaders of the Communists and the Nationalists
• foreign support
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Won peasants’ loyalty
• Trained troops in guerilla techniques
• Promised land reform
continued . . .

12. Communists Triumph in China 2 2
HOME 2
Communists
Triumph in China
Section 2
Assessment
3. What circumstances prevented Mao’s Great Leap Forward from bringing economic prosperity to China?
THINK ABOUT
• Mao’s strict socialism
• life in a commune
• environmental problems
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Lack of privacy and personal life in the communes, lack of incentives for working hard, poor planning, crop failure
End of Section 2

13. War in Korea and Vietnam Key Idea 3
HOME 3
War in Korea
and Vietnam
Key Idea
The United States fights bloody wars to prevent Communist takeovers in Korea and Vietnam. Korea remains split into Communist and non-Communist nations, and Vietnam becomes Communist.
Overview
Assessment

14. War in Korea and Vietnam Overview 3 • 38th parallel
HOME 3
War in Korea
and Vietnam
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• 38th parallel
• Douglas MacArthur
• Ho Chi Minh
• domino theory
• Ngo Dinh Diem
• Vietcong
• Vietnamization
• Khmer Rouge
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.
Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and non-Communist nations.
Assessment

15. War in Korea and Vietnam 3 3
HOME 3
War in Korea
and Vietnam
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast the causes and effects of the wars in Vietnam and Korea.
Korean War
Vietnam War
Both
American and Soviet involvement stemmed from Cold War.
Land was destroyed.
Millions of people died.
Soviet-supported North Vietnamese won.
Neither side gained an advantage.
continued . . .

16. War in Korea and Vietnam 3 3
HOME 3
War in Korea
and Vietnam
Section 3
Assessment
2. Do you think U.S. involvement in Vietnam was justified? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the U.S. policy of containment
• the domino theory
• U.S. public opinion
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Not justified—It was a civil war that did not involve the United States; war is not justified under any circumstances.
Justified—It was the responsibility of a nation founded on democratic ideals to support democracy in other countries, especially those in danger of becoming Communist.
End of Section 3

17. Cold War Around the World Key Idea 4
HOME 4
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Key Idea
The United States and the Soviet Union compete for influence throughout the developing world by supporting rival factions in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Overview
Assessment

18. Cold War Around the World Overview 4 • Third World
HOME 4
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Third World
• nonaligned nations
• Fidel Castro
• Anastasio Somoza
• Daniel Ortega
• Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Cold War superpowers supported opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts.
Many of these areas today are still troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis.
Assessment

19. Castro leads revolution against Batista.
HOME 4
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events of U.S. involvement in Cuba.
Castro leads revolution against Batista.
Castro nationalizes U.S.-owned sugar mills.
Eisenhower orders embargo on trade.
Castro turns to Soviets for aid.
Bay of Pigs invasion
Cuban missile crisis
continued . . .

20. Cold War Around the World 4 4
HOME 4
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
2. What similarities do you see among U.S. actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? THINK ABOUT
• the type of leader the United States supported in each country
• U.S. interests in these countries
ANSWER
The United States supported dictatorial leaders who were overthrown by popular uprisings. It intervened in all three countries to protect its own interests—a takeover by Communist Sandinistas in Nicaragua and by Castro in Cuba, and loss of vital oil supplies from Iran.
Possible Response:
continued . . .

21. Cold War Around the World 4 4
HOME 4
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
3. Today, Cuba suffers a severe shortage of vital supplies, largely due to the U.S. trade embargo that has lasted for almost 40 years. Do you think the United States should lift that embargo? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• Castro’s leadership
• prior U.S. conflicts with Cuba
• human suffering
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Lift embargo—Cuba is no longer receiving aid from the Soviets; all Cubans—not only those who agree with Castro—are suffering.
Retain embargo—Castro is still a threat to U.S. security; eventually embargo may cause the fall of the Communist regime.
End of Section 4

22. The Cold War Thaws Key Idea 5
HOME 5
The Cold War Thaws
Key Idea
The Cold War begins to thaw as Khrushchev denounces Stalinism, and U.S. leaders adopt a foreign policy of lessened tensions.
Overview
Assessment

23. The Cold War Thaws Overview 5 • Nikita Khrushchev • destalinization
HOME 5
The Cold War Thaws
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Nikita Khrushchev
• destalinization
• Leonid Brezhnev
• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon Johnson
• détente
• Richard M. Nixon
• SALT
• Ronald Reagan
• Star Wars
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Cold War began to thaw as the superpowers entered an era of uneasy diplomacy.
The United States and the countries of the former Soviet Union continue to cooperate and maintain a cautious peace.
Assessment

24. HOME 5
The Cold War Thaws
Section 5
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Indicate each U.S. president’s contribution to Cold War tensions.
Tensions Increased
Tensions Decreased
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
continued . . .

25. HOME 5
The Cold War Thaws
Section 5
Assessment
2. Do you think it was a wise political move for Nixon to visit Communist China and the Soviet Union? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the Cuban missile crisis
• realpolitik
• public sentiment after the Vietnam War
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Wise—Nuclear war threatened the world and any efforts made to weaken the threat were good; Communist China was becoming a power that could not be ignored.
Unwise—By meeting with officials in China and the Soviet Union, Nixon was condoning communism and undermining efforts to contain it.
End of Section 5