1. Open channels – uniform flow, and flow routing

2. We can consider 4 cases of streamflow Flow does not change in time Flow changes in time Flow does not change in space Flow changes in space

3. Flow does not change in time Flow changes in time Flow does not change in space Steady, Uniform flow – stream flow under some conditions – use Manning’s equation Unsteady gradually varied flow – stream flow under some conditions – use a routing method Flow changes in spaceSteady, Nonuniform flow - Flow over a waterfall/weir – use surface profile methods or Energy equation UnsteadyDam break, surges – use complex computer models

4. Geometry of Uniform Flow

5. Trapezoidal cross-section of Uniform Flow

6. Circular cross-section of Uniform Flow

7. Manning’s equation From Robert Manning, Irish engineer (1816- 1897) Empirical formula Dates from 1889

9. Hydrogaphs and routing