2. Electron Diffraction - Introduction Electron diffraction is an important method to characterize materials. The textbook, Transmission Electron Microscopy, dedicates 10 of its chapters to electron diffraction and it’s discussed in many of the other chapters, as well. Every time a beam, of any kind, passes through an object, the beam diffracts by some process. Diffraction has many forms. For example, The beam can diffract, or scatter, off of individual atoms or molecules or single, small structures. If there is a periodic arrangement, the diffraction intensity will be constructive in some orientations and destructive in other orientations. If there is only short range order such as in amorphous materials, the diffraction intensity will be speckled or in rings.

3. Examples of Electron Diffraction

4. The arrangement of “spots” (square, rectangular, hexagonal) gives the crystal structure of the material. A lot of other crystal structure information is given by Kikuchi lines and Higher-ordered Laue Zone Lines (HOLZ), which we will discuss in some detail. If we open up the spots, we may see crystal structure as in the following slide. diffracted beam or spot Kikuchi lines Higher-ordered Laue Zone Lines Examples of Electron Diffraction

5. Electron diffraction from atomic planes of a crystal

6. Kossel Images of GaAs/ InGaAs Superlattices

7. Electron Diffraction - Introduction To understand electron diffraction, we’ll start from first principles, as presented in Williams and Carter.

8. Electron Diffraction

10. Electron Scattering Note the use of incoherent to describe scattered electrons, as used in all EM textbooks. Nothing could be further from the truth!

11. Intensity Position 1 Position 2 High-angle diffusely- scattered electrons Fringes Produced from Elastically and Inelastically Scattered Electrons Ge specimen Intensity along white line (essentially constant) Fringes found > 18 mrad 1 1 2  ~ 0.05 Intensity Position 1/nm Intensity 2 1 Contrast enhanced image

12. 000/111 2 Interference fringes produced from elastically and inelastically scattered electrons generated from a Ge specimen. 3 1 mrad

13. Electron Scattering

14. Electron Scattering Cross Section,  = Single atom

15. Electron Scattering Cross Section, 

16. O.01 nm is approximately the spatial resolution of UVic’s STEHM.

17. Mean Free Path, This a common term and concept used in electron microscopy

18. Mean Free Path, No is number of atoms  is density Regrettably, also means wavelength, which is more commonly referred to than mean free path.

19. Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction In the TEM we can focus the diffraction pattern so that the spots and lines are clear. This condition is considered Fraunhofer diffraction.

20. Diffraction From Apertures = wavelength

21. Constructive Interference

22. Wavelength

23. Phase Shift Between Images xx image 1 image 2

24. phase shift  =  x/ x 2  Calculation of Temperature Refractive index,    x/  T  103.49/  for air  = 103.49 p 1 /T + 177.4 p 2 /T + 86.26p 3 /T x (1+5748/T)

25. For a 1 mm translation,  x = 12.7 pixels = 67.5 pixels (measured values) Calculation of Temperature  T  103.49/  = 103.49/0.188 = 550 K   x/ = 12.7/67.5 = 0.188 Thus an approximate value of the temperature can be obtained by this simple analysis, which provides an example of confocal holography.

26. Definition of Angles in TEM

27. EELS Spectroscopy