1. LIGHT Everything written in black has to go into your notebook
Everything written in blue should already be in there

2. WHAT IS LIGHT?
Light is a form of energy that travels away from the source producing it at a speed of 3 x 108 m s-1

3. Transparent: allows light to pass through it, and can see clearly through it e.g. glass
Translucent: allows light to pass through it, but cannot see clearly through it e.g. frosted glass
Opaque: does not allow light to pass through it e.g. aluminium

4. Light Travels in Straight Lines
Light travels in straight lines. This can be seen in the following examples
Laser
Beam of light from a searchlight
It can also be shown using pieces of cardboard with a small hole in the middle and a length of thread

5. A plane mirror is a flat mirror

6. Plane Mirror (diagram on page 1)
Normal
Incident ray
Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection i r
Plane Mirror

7. LAWS OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT
1. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (i = r)

8. HOW IS AN IMAGE FORMED IN A PLANE MIRROR (diagram page 2)

9. Properties of an image in a plane mirror
The image is:
Laterally inverted
E.g. your right hand appears as a left hand
The “ambulance” sign
Erect
Virtual
Same size as object

10. Uses of Plane Mirrors
Make up mirror
The periscope

11. Diagram page 3

12. A virtual image cannot be formed on a screen
A real image can be formed on a screen

13. Experiment to prove the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (page 26)

14. Diagram on page 26
Plane mirror
Sheet of paper i r
Pins

15. Reflection is the bouncing of light off an object

16. Experiment to prove the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (written up in homework copy)

17. Diagram (in homework copy)
Finder pin
Plane mirror
Object pin O M I

18. The following goes in your homework copy
Method
Set up the apparatus as in the diagram
Move the finder pin in and out behind the mirror until there is no parallax between the object and its image in the mirror

19. 3. Measure the distance from the object to the mirror (OM), and the distance from the mirror to the image pin (MI)
Result
OM and MI are equal
Conclusion
The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it

20. Spherical Mirrors (page 4)
CONVEX
CONCAVE

21. The line from the centre of curvature to the pole is called the principal axis

22. Rules for Ray Diagrams for Concave Mirror
1. A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the focus
2. A ray travelling through the focus is reflected parallel to the principal axis
3. For a ray which strikes the pole, angle i will be equal to angle r

23. Top of page 5 “In parallel, out through the focus”
“In through the focus, out parallel”

24. Uses of concave mirrors
Spotlights
Reflectors in car headlights
Shaving and make-up mirrors

25. Uses of convex mirrors Shops (to deter shoplifters) Buses
Dangerous bends in roads
They give a wide field of view

26. The Mirror Formulae u = distance from object to mirror
v = distance from image to mirror
f = focal length

27. Example 2
When an object is placed 16 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 8 cm, an image is formed. Find the distance of the image from the mirror and say whether it is real or virtual.

28. v = 16 cm

29. It is a real image since the object is outside f

30. Magnification
m =

31. Example 3 (HL)
An object is placed 20 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 25 cm. Find the position, magnification and nature of the image.

32. v = 100 cm

33. It is a virtual image since the object is inside f

34. m =
m = 5

35. Example 4 (HL)
A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm forms an erect image four times the size of the object. Calculate the object distance and its nature.

36. u = 7.5 cm

37. It is a virtual image since the object is inside f

38. Experiment to Measure the Focal Length of a Concave Mirror (page 30)

39. CROSS THREADS
RAY BOX
CONCAVE MIRROR
SCREEN
Diagram page 30

40. Light (2) Refraction and Lenses

41. Refraction of light is the bending of light as it goes from one optical medium to another
A medium is a substance; e.g. glass, air etc.

42. Incident ray i r
Refracted ray
Glass block

43. Less dense to more dense: bends towards normal
(Page 12, under diagram)
Less dense to more dense: bends towards normal
More dense to less dense: bends away from normal

44. The Laws of Refraction of Light
1. The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane
where n is a constant
This is called Snell’s Law

45. Experiment to Verify Snell’s Law and determine the refractive index of glass (diagram page 27)
Pins
Glass Block
Sheet of paper

46. Enter the following results at the top of page 28, and draw the corresponding graph underneath

47. Your graph in page 28 should look like this
Sin i
Sin r

48. Real and Apparent Depth (page 12)
A swimming pool appears to be less deep than it actually is, due to refraction at the surface of the water
We can calculate the refractive index of a liquid by using
n =

49. Critical angle
The critical angle is the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction is 90˚

50. Total Internal Reflection
This occurs when the angle of incidence in the denser medium exceed the critical angle
The ray of light is refracted away from the normal
As i is increased so is r
Eventually r = 90˚
At this point i has reached the ‘critical angle’
If i is increased beyond the critical angle, the ray does not enter the second medium
It is reflected back into the first medium

51. We can also find the refractive index of a material using n =
C = critical angle

52. Example The critical angle of glass is 41.81˚
Find the refractive index of glass
n =
n = 1/0.666
n = 1.5

53. n =

54. Applications of Total Internal Reflection
Periscopes (using a prism)
Diamonds and bicycle reflectors
Optical fibres – in telecommunications and by doctors

55. PERISCOPE (diagram page 14)

56. Total internal reflection in a prism

57. Total internal reflection in a prism

58. Total internal reflection in a prism

60. Remember that rays are path-reversible
AIR
GLASS A B

61. Example The refractive index of glass is 1.5
This value is for a ray of light travelling from air into glass
So = = 1.5 =
Or = =

62. Mirages
Mirages are caused by the refraction of light in air due to temperature variations

63. SKY

64. Convex lens (converging)
LENSES
Convex lens (converging)

65. Concave lens (diverging)

66. Ray diagrams for lenses
1. Ray incident parallel to principal axis is refracted out through focus
2. Ray incident through focus is reflected out parallel to axis
3. Ray incident through optic centre continues in straight line

67. Lens formulae u = distance from object to lens
v = distance from image to lens
f = focal length

68. Magnification
m =
Or m =

69. Experiment to measure the Focal Length of a Concave Lens (page 29)

70. RAY BOX
CROSS THREADS
CONVEX LENS
SCREEN
(Diagram page 29)

71. Two Lenses in Contact Where F = focal length of combination
f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of the two lenses

72. Dispersion is the breaking up of white light into its constituent colours
In 1666 Newton at the age of 23, performed his famous prism experiment. He noticed and recorded that sunlight is white light that contains all the colors of the spectrum.

73. Spectrum of Visible LightY G B I V
Color is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon. It is a sensation produced when light stimulates the retina of the eye, and the brain interprets this sensation as 'color'.
Red is deviated the least and has the longest wavelength
Violet is deviated the most and has the shortest wavelength

74. Uses of lenses Magnifying glass Spectacles Binoculars
Compound microscope
Astronomical telescope

75. Magnifying glass/Simple Microscope
Is simply a convex lens, with the object placed inside the focus point
Image is magnified, erect and virtual F

76. The Compound Microscope
Eyepiece
Objective lens Fo Fe
The microscope was invented about 1590 by Zacharias Jenssen of Holland.

77. The compound microscope
Consists of 2 convex lenses
The first image is formed at the focal point of the eyepiece
The final image is formed at infinity so we view it with a relaxed eye
This is called ‘normal adjustment’
The image formed is inverted

78. The Astronomical Telescope
Objective lens
Eyepiece Fe Fo
Hans Lippershey was a Dutch lens grinder and maker of spectacles. He is usually credited with the invention of the first telescope about 1600 and he applied for a patent in About a year later, various lens grinders of northern Europe, were making telescopes. Records show that the telescope was further developed by Galileo and by others.

79. Same description as for compound microscope