1. Walter Lippmann’s ‘Interest’ By - Anindita Ganguly - Maitreyee Karambelkar - Archana More

2. The enlisting of interest  The human mind is endlessly and persistently creative  The information received by the human mind does not lie inert on its surface but is worked upon and given a new expression

3. The enlisting of interest  The human mind makes use of allegory to remember certain names, places, events etc.  Not all information is accessible to the individual. Neither does every piece of news interest him

4. The enlisting of interest  It is only when this information is packaged in a manner which appeals to him that he shows interest and attains knowledge  However, not everyone is a visualiser. Not everyone can put abstract into a concrete, attractive form. For this we have a class of people skilled at this art e.g. Film directors

5. The enlisting of interest  However, these attractive forms may not appeal to an individual if it does not reflect a part or whole of his own reality. e.g. The feeling of empathy  The abstract idea should either comprise of the extreme of human emotions or should be a part of human everyday experiences

6. The enlisting of interest  Interest is very dynamic i.e. it keeps changing with time. E.g. A movie made five years ago keeping in with the audience’s interest at that time, if released today would not hold the same appeal with the audience as it would have back then because the audience’s interests have undergone a change

7. The enlisting of interest  This brings the maker into eternal conflict with the marketer of art as the marketer caught in the material trappings will refuse to make changes according to the changing times  Classics, however are an exception to this rule as they hold meaning at all periods of time irrespective of generations, and are hence timeless

8. The enlisting of interest Every individual attaches different significance to the information received The same story will be heard differently by different people as they attach their own meaning to it i.e. they will see it from different perspectives

9. The enlisting of interest  This happens because of different experiences, culture, neighbourhood, family, friends, social position i.e. nature and nurture  People colour stories they hear with the brush of their individual experiences as a result of which the story gets modified drastically as it travels from the source to the destination

10. Self-interest reconsidered  Influences are involved into the making of a man's character a) Physical and Psychological Influences b) Preparation of characters is a function of moral education  Man changes according to the changing situations, places and people a) There is no ONE self at work b) Man is an actor in the stage of life, acting out characters according to the situation [a versatile actor]

11. Self-interest reconsidered The concept of ‘Multi-dimensional man’ Hippocrates says that a human being has many layers to his personality, not all of which are visible to the society Many of his impulses are buried deep within the dark recesses of his mind. These comprise of his unexpressed or suppressed desires.

12. Self-interest reconsidered  These instincts are very often crude and generally fall outside the norms approved by the society  They may surface in certain social situations and may produce behaviours which is ‘not expected of the individual’

13. Self-interest re-considered  E.g. When a war breaks out, the murderous, animal instincts of a usually peace-loving town will surface causing a shift in interests  The preachers of morality are not men who are trained in science, technology, economy etc.

14. Self-interest reconsidered  Hence, the morals preached by these men would prove futile during events which take place due to either scientific, technological, economic or other phenomena  Thus we see that ethics and morals cannot be fixed but rather they have to change with changing times and changing situations

15. Self-interest reconsidered  As society becomes increasingly complex, old morals need to be re-considered and re-worked upon  The theory propounded by James Madison states that there exist numerous types of interests within a society e.g. landed interests, manufactured interests, mercantile interests etc.

16. Self-interest reconsidered  Interests are never linear as man plays not one but several roles in his life and is a part of several social institutions  These interests are conflicting ones and divide society into groups based on where people’s interests lie.

17. Self-interest reconsidered  However, man being a multi-dimensional being never remains in the same group for long as his loyalties change according to every role he assumes  Contrarily, the Socialist or the Marxist theory states that the disposition of a man is governed by the economic class he is born into

18. Self-interest reconsidered  It states that the economic interests of man alone determine his place in society  However, pitting this theory against that of Madison’s shows that the theory is not really valid. Example of a Hindu and a Muslim labourer

19. Conclusion  Thus, to conclude the topic one can say that man’s journey in this world is continuous, one that explores unknown realms as a result of human intelligence  As he explore the unknown, his interests can never remain constant. Interests are like water- which takes the form of its container. Interests similarly are governed by situations and phenomena

20. Thank You