1. Displays Chapter 8

2. Key Components in Display Design

3. Display Design Tasks Determine nature of tasks that the display needs to support Determine nature of tasks that the display needs to support Perform detailed information analysis that identifies what the operator needs to know to carry out task Perform detailed information analysis that identifies what the operator needs to know to carry out task Determine the characteristics of the human user who must perform the tasks Determine the characteristics of the human user who must perform the tasks

4. Tools & Variables That The Designer Can Manipulate Location – XY space or superimposed (heads-up) Location – XY space or superimposed (heads-up) Color – color versus monochrome Color – color versus monochrome Dimensionality – planer vs perspective, mono vs stereo Dimensionality – planer vs perspective, mono vs stereo Motion – what moves, how it moves Motion – what moves, how it moves Intensity – what is bright, what is dim Intensity – what is bright, what is dim Coding – physical dimensions assigned to variables, analog vs digital, analog/icons vs text Coding – physical dimensions assigned to variables, analog vs digital, analog/icons vs text Modality – vision vs audition Modality – vision vs audition What to display – information analysis What to display – information analysis

5. Thirteen Principles of Display Design (4 categories) Those that directly reflect perceptual operations Those that directly reflect perceptual operations Those that can be traced to the concept of the mental model Those that can be traced to the concept of the mental model Those that relate to human attention Those that relate to human attention Those that relate to human memory Those that relate to human memory Note that principles sometimes conflict and trade-offs must be considered Note that principles sometimes conflict and trade-offs must be considered

6. Principles That Directly Reflect Perceptual Operations 1. Avoid absolute judgment limits 2. Use top-down processing 3. Take advantage of redundancy gain 4. Discriminability: similarity causes confusion

7. Illustrations of Perception Principles

8. Principles That Can Be Traced To The Concept Of The Mental Model 5. Principle of pictorial realism 6. Principle of the moving part 7. Principle of ecological interface design

9. Principles Based On Attention 8. Principle of minimizing information access cost (search time) 9. Principle of proximity compatibility 10. Principle of multiple resources (presenting information from both visual and auditory)

10. Illustration Of Proximity Compatibility Issues

11. Principles Related To Memory 11. Principle of predictive aiding 11. Principle of knowledge in the world (placing visible reminders that will trigger appropriate action) 11. Principle of consistency

12. Illustrations Of Predictive Aiding

13. Alerting Displays Warnings – most critical, auditory when time is of essence. Can be enhanced with visual display (flashing light) Warnings – most critical, auditory when time is of essence. Can be enhanced with visual display (flashing light) Cautions – Usually softer auditory and/or visual Cautions – Usually softer auditory and/or visual Advisories – mostly visual Advisories – mostly visual

14. Label/Sign Displays Generally static unchanging Generally static unchanging Must be visible and legible Must be visible and legible Must be able to discriminate from other labels Must be able to discriminate from other labels Must be meaningful Must be meaningful Must be in conspicuous location and associated with purpose Must be in conspicuous location and associated with purpose

15. Label/Icon Illustrations

16. Monitoring Displays Must be legible Must be legible Determine if analog or digital is most appropriate Determine if analog or digital is most appropriate Analog form should follow the principle of pictorial realism Analog form should follow the principle of pictorial realism Must be predictive in sluggish or slowly environments Must be predictive in sluggish or slowly environments

17. Monitory Displays

18. Multiple Display Considerations Display layout – frequency of use, relationship to sequence of use, consistency with other displays, and organized grouping Display layout – frequency of use, relationship to sequence of use, consistency with other displays, and organized grouping Head-up displays Head-up displays Head-mounted displays Head-mounted displays Configurable displays Configurable displays

19. Illustration Of Display Layout

20. Illustration Of Display Layout (cont.)

21. Illustration of Head-Up Displays

22. Configurable Displays

23. Navigation Displays & Maps Route Lists (directions) & Command Displays (Garmin, Magellan, Tom Tom, etc.) Route Lists (directions) & Command Displays (Garmin, Magellan, Tom Tom, etc.) Maps – legibility, clutter, position representations, map orientation, & scale Maps – legibility, clutter, position representations, map orientation, & scale 3-D Maps – mainly valuable to pilots 3-D Maps – mainly valuable to pilots Planning Maps & Data Visualization – satellite maps used for city planning, zoning, tax assessment, farming, etc. Planning Maps & Data Visualization – satellite maps used for city planning, zoning, tax assessment, farming, etc.

24. Good & Poor Mounting Of YAH Map

25. Example Of Planning Map

26. Quantitative Information Displays (Tables & Graphs) Legibility Legibility Clutter Clutter Proximity Proximity Format Format

27. Illustration Of Trend Variables

28. Illustration Of Confusion Principle

29. Illustration Of Clutter Principle

30. Illustration Of Proximity Principle