1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Progressive Era 22

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands PROGRESSIVISM vs. POPULISM How are they different? - historical setting - aims - membership - success

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands ROOTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRESSIVISM Populism “Strengthen the State” Rise of Welfare State as concept Threat of socialism Problems with urbanization/industrialization Muckrakers Alliance b/w business and politics

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910 "Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress) Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Breaker Boys and Headline The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress) Breaker Boys and Headline Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Textile worker Young children like this one were often used in the textile mills because their small fingers could tie together broken threads more easily than those of adults. (Library of Congress) Textile worker Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Poor neighborhood, Philadelphia, 1915 Scenes like this in the immigrant wards of America's great cities stirred middle-class reformers to action at the turn of the century. (Philadelphia City Archives) Poor neighborhood, Philadelphia, 1915 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Library of Congress Family in an attic home with drying laundry]. CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1900 and 1910] NOTES title devised by cataloger. Photograph of a photographic print. Possibly immigrants. Detroit Publishing Co. no. P 512. Gift; State Historical Society of Colorado; 1949

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Tenement Question--Inside and Out! Many city dwellers, especially immigrants, typically lived in tenements that were crowded and unsanitary. (Library of Congress) The Tenement Question--Inside and Out! Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS “ initiative” “referendum” “recall” Primary elections Secret ballots Seventeenth Amendment (1913) –direct election of Senators Women’s suffrage Public control of utilities/city management

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands La Follette's autobiography; a personal narrative of political experiences, by Robert M. La Follette... How has it been possible that both the people of Wisconsin and the investors in public utilities have been so greatly benefited by this regulation? Simply because the regulation is scientific. The Railroad Commission has found out through its engineers, accountants, and statisticians what it actually costs to build and operate the road and utilities. Watered stock and balloon bonds get no consideration. On the other hand, since the commission knows the costs, it knows exactly the point below which rates cannot be reduced. It even raises rates when they are below the cost, including reasonable profit. The people are benefited because they are not now paying profits on inflated capital. The investors are benefited because the commission has all the facts needed to prevent a reduction of rates below a fair profit on their true value. So honestly, capably, and scientifically has the work of our commission been done that the railroads and other utility corporations have accepted their reductions without any contest at all....

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Suffrage parade Suffrage leaders built support for the cause by using modern advertising and publicity techniques, including automobiles festooned with flags, bunting, banners, posters, and--in this case--smiling little girls. (Library of Congress) Suffrage parade Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Awakening This cartoon, entitled "The Awakening," shows a western woman, draped in a golden robe, bringing the torch of woman suffrage from the western states that had adopted suffrage to enlighten the darkness of the eastern states that had not done so. In the dark eastern states, women eagerly reach toward the light from the west. Yellow had become closely associated with the suffrage movement, and western suffrage advocates often depicted suffrage as a woman in a golden robe. (Library of Congress) The Awakening Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS Eighteenth Amendment (1919) = Prohibition of Alcohol Women’s Christian Temperance Movement, Frances E. Willard “Blue” and “dry” laws

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Photograph from The White Slave Hell In addition to crusading against drunkenness, moral reformers stirred up emotions over accusations that evil men were seducing innocent young women into prostitution--or white slavery, as it was called. In this posed photograph printed in a 1910 antivice publication, The White Slave Hell: or, With Christ at Midnight in the Slums of Chicago, the man supposedly has gotten the woman drunk and is about to lure her into a life of sin. (Collection of Perry R. Duis, from The Saloon) Photograph from The White Slave Hell Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS Workmen’s Compensation Maximum hours Minimum wage Muller v. Oregon (1908) – protection for women in workplace Shirtwaist Fire (1911) – catalyst for reform

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Socialists parade Though their objectives sometimes differed from those of middle-class Progressive reformers, socialists also became a more active force in the early twentieth century. Socialist parades on May Day, such as this one in 1910, were meant to express the solidarity of all working people. (Library of Congress) Socialists parade Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Society’s Masses Employment expanded rapidly to increase production Women, immigrants, blacks, Mexican Americans entered work force

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Masses cover, 1912 This socialist publication, edited in New York's Greenwich Village, denounced the abuses of capitalism, including child labor. (Library of Congress) The Masses cover, 1912 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Yard of tenement at Park Place (Library of Congress) Yard of tenement at Park Place Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Changing Face of Industrialism Industrial growth meant more goods at lower prices Residue of social problems from 1890s New century began on optimistic note

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Innovative Model T Henry Ford transformed auto industry with mass production Small profit on each unit, gross of huge profit on high volume of sales 1908: Model T introduced 1916: Federal government began highway subsidies

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Burgeoning Trusts The trend toward bigness in industry accelerated after 1900 Bankers provided integrated control through interlocking directorates Trusts controversial – Often denounced as threats to equality – Some defended as more efficient

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Business Consolidations (Mergers), 1895–1905

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Managing the Machines Frederick Taylor advocated “Scientific Management” to increase efficiency Worker welfare, morale suffered – Better paychecks – Increased danger, tedium 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire demonstrated risks of factory work

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Better Times on the Farm Isolation reduced by mail and parcel post deliveries to farms Tenant farmers remained impoverished Western farmers benefited from vast irrigation projects

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Irrigation and Conservation in the West to 1917

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Women and Children at Work Women resisted ideals of domesticity to enter work force Women’s labor unions defended rights of women, child laborers Sheppard-Towner Act 1921: Protected health of pregnant workers and their infants

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Niagara Movement and the NAACP Most African Americans were poor sharecroppers, segregated by Jim Crow laws and at mercy of violent white mobs Black workers gained least from prosperity 1905: W.E.B. DuBois and others rejected accommodation to racist society

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Niagara Movement and the NAACP “Niagara Movement” demands immediate respect for equal rights of all NAACP, Urban League advocate African American rights

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “I Hear the Whistle”: Immigrants in the Labor Force 1901–1920: Fresh influx of Europeans, Mexicans, Asians to labor force Non-English speakers considered a social problem Programs to “Americanize” them Immigration limitations: –Chinese immigration banned in 1902 –Literacy tests used against other immigrant groups

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920 (by Area of Origin)

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Conflict in the Workplace Low wages combined with demands for increased productivity led to increase in labor unrest in early 1900s Industrial productivity fell Union membership soared

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Organizing Labor Radical organizations win spectacular strikes with small numbers Fears of class warfare increase A.F.L., led by Samuel Gompers, was the largest union 1903: Women excluded from A.F.L. form Women’s Trade Union League 1905: Others excluded from A.F.L. form Industrial Workers of the World

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Working with Workers Employers improved working conditions to avoid trouble Henry Ford doubled wages, reduced workday – Plant production increased – Union activity ended

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Production and Consumption 1900–1920: New advertising techniques created demand for goods Goods increased U.S. standard of living Wealth increasingly concentrated

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A NEW URBAN CULTURE Mass production required mass consumption Growing middle class consumed new inventions and entertainment By 1920, the average life span increased substantially, infant mortality still high Booming cities took on modern form Zoning regulations, first in Los Angeles, separated industrial, commercial, residential areas

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Popular Pastimes Ordinary people achieved leisure for first time in American history Spectator pastimes included baseball, football, movies, concerts Popular music: Sousa marches, ragtime, blues, jazz, vaudeville Light reading included romance, detective, science-fiction novels

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Experimentation in the Arts Dance: Isadora Duncan Painting: Ashcan School, post- Impressionists Poetry: T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A Ferment of Discovery and Reform Racism, labor conflict remained Solid social and economic gains made Optimism that social experiments can succeed