1. CMOS Active Pixel Sensors: An Introduction Zeynep Dilli, Neil Goldsman, Martin Peckerar, Nibir Dhar

2. Active Pixel Sensors (adapted from El Gamal et al. and Yadid-Pecht et. al.)

3. Active Pixel Sensor Circuit Simple version: 3 transistors (pixel reset, source follower, access), one photodiode Not shown: Row read circuitry, a timed buffer connected to v_out and activated a set time after pixel access

4. Active Pixel Sensor Circuit Operation: –Reset transistor gate pulsed, photodiode junction cap. charged up, source follower output follows –Photocurrent starts discharging, SF output follows –Access transistor gate pulsed, output cap.charged up –Bias current discharges output voltage linearly until the set read time for v_out

5. Operation : –Reset gate pulsed, photodiode charged up, SF output follows –i_pf discharges diode cap., SF output follows –Access gate pulsed, output cap. charged up –i_bias discharges output until the set read time for v_out

7. Active Pixel Sensor Circuit Design Features: –Small circuit, just three transistors per pixel: Large fill factor possible –Photodiode operation isolated from readout circuit –Flexibility in design with respect to timing design vs. power consumption vs. readout speed vs. resolution –Converts current information from photodiode to voltage information, e.g. to be read by an A/D

8. Active Pixel Sensor Circuit Design issues: –Transistor sizes should be as small as possible for the maximum photodiode/pixel ratio (“fill factor”) –Transistor sizes should be chosen carefully for enough current, SF gain, and isolation of SF output from the pixel output –Higher bias current: readout needs to be a smaller time after access is pulsed; timing gets tighter, reset period can be set smaller –Larger reset period: Better resolution, tighter readout timing required

9. Active Pixel Sensor Circuit Can model photodiode with junction cap. and ideal current source in parallel