1. What is meant by ‘place- shaping’? PTP - LSP Practitioner Event, 11 th May 2007 Mary Sumner House, SW1 Paul Hildreth Policy Fellow, SURF at Salford University and Advisor to CLG

2. Why place matters What do you most identify with Blackpool, Preston, Blackburn and Burnley? a)Four local authorities b)One city and three towns c)A ‘city-region’ d)Remote places somewhere north of Watford e)A birthplace of the industrial revolution f)Somewhere to go for my summer holidays

3. Preston

4. Blackpool

5. Blackburn

6. Burnley

7. Why places are different (1) 1. History is important. Future economic development is a ‘path dependent’ process York, UK Source: www.chromavision.co.uk Cotton industry, Burnley Source: www.weaverstriangle.co.uk www.weaverstriangle.co.uk Stoke-on-Trent Source: www.ceramike.com/stoke www.ceramike.com/stoke

8. Why places are different (2) 2. Industrial structure of the economy. How different sectors relate differently to place - Producer services - Advance manufacturing - Consumer services Links between financial services firms with bases in Manchester and Leeds and between places with 15 or more overall links Source: Harding and Robson

9. Why places are different (3) 3. Proximity and economic relationship to other cities may be important, due to inter-dependencies between cities within the national urban hierarchy Complex network of commuting flows in the London city-region Source: Hal and Pain, Polynet Source: Lancashire Economic Partnership – chart by GVA Grimley

10. Why places are different (4) 4. Connectivity is important for success in the knowledge economy International Nationally Regionally Locally 5. Availability of knowledge assets ABCs

11. Why places are different (5) Stoke-on- Trent Source: Google Earth 6. Functionality of place

12. Blackpool Blackburn Burnley Greater Manchester Ribble Valley M65 To London To Glasgow M6 Preston Rail Key: Cities with characteristics of Tourism/Heritage Regional Services Industrial Travel-to-work area Irish SeaIrish Sea Note – brown arrows indicate direction of main travel-to-work movements M55 M61 To Manchester Airport Central Lancashire – the ‘dynamics of place’

13. Different challenges in different places Regeneration challenge 1. Intense and comprehensive Transformation of failing area and economy 2. Divided economy Combination of economic success and social inequality in close proximity 3. Isolated pockets Maintaining sustainable economic achievement under pressure to grow City typology Industrial Gateway Regional services* Heritage/tourism* City in city-region University knowledge Neighbourhoods/ physical Failing neighbourhoods, low housing demand and poor urban environment Inner city decline and social housing estates alongside wealthier suburbs/city centre renaissance Dominant private housing/quality physical environment with pockets of concentrated deprivation Connectivity City and region poorly connected locally and nationally Better connected: good region and city connections but poor local ones Poorly connected neighbourhoods in well- connected region Economy/firmsHistorically goods based economy, low level services, high public sector, low start- up rates Post-industrial with growing knowledge-based producer services economy Dominant in high knowledge- based producer services Labour marketLow skilled, more no qualifications, higher inactivity, low productivity, low aspirations Highly skilled/graduate workforce combined with low qualifications/low activity rates High skilled graduate workforce, high activity rates, high productivity * Note – Regional services and heritage/tourism cities can vary considerably in their performance. Weak cities in these typologies can come within category 1. (e.g. Blackpool), whilst stronger ones come closer to category 3. (e.g. York)

14. The Big Picture Gateway Industrial Heritage/tourism Regional Services City in large city- region University/ knowledge e.g. Hull, Grimsby e.g. Bradford, Blackburn, Barnsley, Stoke-on-Trent e.g. Blackpool, Worthing, Bath e.g. Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Gloucester, Norwich e.g. Reading, Aldershot e.g. Cambridge, Oxford Regional trends towards ….. North and Midlands  Lower knowledge-intensive employment  Higher primary employment  Fewer graduates  More with no formal qualifications  Lowest pay  Labour productivity is low South  Higher knowledge-intensive employment  Higher service employment  More graduates  Fewer with no formal qualifications  Highest pay  Labour productivity is high

15. Place-shaping Places are different Evidence to inform aspiration Internal and external focus Integrating different concepts of ‘place’ –‘where I live’ (neighbourhood) –‘how I am governed’ (local authority area) –‘how the economy works’ (city-region or sub- region) Governance challenges –Horizontal –Vertical Chester Source:nighteyes_27.tripod.com Cambridge Source: www.cam.ac.uk Bristol