2. 3.2 More about photo electricity The easiest electrons to eject are on the metals surface And will have maximum kinetic energy Other electrons need more energy than the work function to eject them. They will have less kinetic energy Photoelectrons are emitted with a range of kinetic energies

3. the visible spectrum λ frequency violet light light 400 nm red light light 700 nm uv light < 400 nm Blue photon Red photon Which photon has the most energy ????? BLUE !!!

4. Radiation uA Anode +ve Cathode -ve electrons The electromagnetic radiation releases electrons from the metal cathode. These electrons are attracted to the anode and complete a circuit allowing a current to flow vacuum Using a vacuum photocell

5. If the polarity is reversed, the pd across the tube can be increased until even the most energetic electrons fail to cross the tube to A. The microammeter then reads zero. uA A C Radiation electrons The p.d. across the tube measures the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons. V

6. Increase the repelling voltage ( stopping potential V s ) until zero current flows. Then: PE gained = KE lost and eV s = ½ mv 2 ( V = W so W = VQ ) Q + -

7. For electron emission, the photon's energy has to be greater than the work function. The maximum kinetic energy the released electron can have is given by: E K = hf - Φ For every metal there is a threshold frequency, f 0, where hf 0 = Φ, that gives the photon enough energy to produce photoemission. E K = photon energy – the work function.

8. Maximum E K emitted electrons / J Frequency f / Hz metal A Work function, Φ Threshold frequency f 0 metal B E K = hf - Φ Gradient of each graph = Planck’s constant, h.

9. f / Hz 10 14 0 5 10 15 Max E k / eV 1 2 PotassiumMagnesiumAluminium

11. If the receiving electrode is made positive, it gives maximum help to all the photo electrons to get there. But does not cause any more photo electrons to be emitted. This is saturation.

12. Vs

13. For both radiations the electrons are emitted with the same maximum KE Since the stopping voltages Vs are the same Vs

15. Here the red and blue light have the same intensity (w/m 2). Vs is greater for blue light because blue photons have more energy

16. Here the red and blue light have the same intensity (w/m 2). Vs is greater for blue light because blue photons have more energy Saturation current for blue light is less because blue light arrives with each photon having more energy. ( one photon one photo electron emitted ! )

17. Summary For any metal there is a minimum threshold frequency, f 0, of the incident radiation, below which no emission of electrons takes place, no matter what the intensity of the incident radiation is or for how long it falls on the surface. Electrons emerge with a range of velocities from zero up to a maximum. The maximum kinetic energy, E k, is found to depend linearly on the frequency of the radiation and to be independent of its intensity. For incident radiation of a given frequency, the number of electrons emitted per second is proportional to the intensity of the radiation. Electron emission takes place immediately after the light shines on the metal with no detectable time delay.