1. Brinkley Chapter 3 Society and Culture in Provincial America
“The British colonies come of age.”
McElhaney

2. Essay 1
“The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.”
Assess the validity of this statement.

3. Essay 2
Though there where many differences in the development of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, they had much in common. What conditions and experiences were common to American colonists regardless of their colony or region?

4. Essay 3
How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?

5. Essay 4
Although many Northerners and Southerners came later to think of themselves as having separate civilizations, the Northern and Southern colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were in fact more similar than different. Assess the validity of this statement.

6. The Colonies 1700 Population Growth
Women in the Colonies North and South
Colonial Economy North and South
Triangular Trade
Colonial Society North and South
Salem Witchcraft Trials
Religious Revival and The Great Awakening
Colonial Government
Regionalism Develops
Slavery Expands
French and Indian War
Similarities of Colonies

7. Who is the subject?
“Few of their children in the country learn English... The signs in our streets have inscriptions in both languages ... Unless the stream of their importation could be turned they will soon so outnumber us that all the advantages we have will not be able to preserve our language, and even our government will become precarious.”

8. Population Growth by 1750s Immigration (See Map Page 120)
Healthy Colonists- Married young,
Immigration-
Criminals, Huguenots, Some Jews, Scots, Scotch-Irish 200,000,
German 125,000 Pennsylvania (Language issue Franklin)
Some Irish Catholics
New England the least ethnically mixed; predominantly Puritan

9. Population Growth by 1750s Push Factors: Pull Factors:
Religious Oppression
Economic Misfortune
War
Pull Factors:
Economic Opportunity
Religious Freedom
Land and Liberty

11. Cities Population growth supports the growth of cities
Philadelphia Largest city (1770’s) 22,000
Boston (1760) 15,000
New York (1700) 5,000 to 21,000 (1770s)
Charleston- (1775) 12,000

12. Population Growth 1700 = 251,000 non Indians 1770= 2,148,000
1775= 2,500,000 by 1775 (50,000 black)
1790= 4,000,000
Largest colonies were Virginia, Mass., Penn., NC, and Maryland
Only four major cities: Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston
 90% lived in rural areas.

13. Women North or South? Mid/late colonial period 1740s
Family structure more stable
Sex ratio balanced
Lower infant mortality rate
Strict parental supervision
Less premarital pregnancy
Status defined by religious belief
Women expected to be modest, submissive, serving, and working for the household
Women moved from families when married
South
Greater independence (early)
Lots of Widows (early)
Had stronger social power when population was lower
Premarital pregnancy
Were in demand due to low numbers thus more influence
Still child rearing

14. Common Aspect Colonial Economy
Commercial oriented
Trade
With Indians
Local French and Spanish when they could
Agriculture dominated
Domestic and export
Extraction economies

15. Colonial Economy North and South
The South
Large and small agriculture
Tobacco dominant
Boom and bust pattern
Rice in South Carolina
Indigo
Slavery
Lopsided Development
Low Merchant class emerges
Low Industry
North
Diverse Agriculture
Low scale
Small local trade
Home industries
Cobblers, blacksmiths, rifle makers, cabinet makers, silversmiths, printers,
Mills run on water power
Wheat, Cloth, lumber
Ship building
Iron works (Iron act 1750)
Merchant Class growes strong Boston, New York, Philadelphia

16. Industry and Trade Expand
Industry in the colonies was restricted
English wanted to limit manufactures in colonies so they would not compete with English companies.
Iron Act 1750= limit colonial iron mills
Triangular Trade: one example of the trade relationship between colonies and other countries. Map
Slave trade considerations
Extraction economies

18. Triangular Trade

19. The Colonies Differences among the three colonial regions.
Mostly English
Self-government (though not all democratic)
Religious toleration (to at least some degree in each colony)
Educational opportunity (New England better)
Provided unusual opportunities for economic and social self-development
Farming in all colonies
Differences among the three colonial regions.
-- New England: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
Puritan dominated in many areas, less religiously tolerant, more restrictions on civic participation, more industry, less available farm land
Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Ethnically diverse, religiously tolerant, democratic, Quakers contributed to human freedom, farming, lumbering, ship building, shipping, trade, fur trapping
Southern Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Plantation economy, aristocratic, slavery, cash crops, scattered population, expansionary, some religious toleration (Church of England dominant)

20. Slavery Expands
Late 1600s and 1700s Large population of African Slaves begin to arrive
Earlier Slaves from West Indies, Caribbean- excess Slaves from Sugar Plantations
Chattel Slavery- ownership, hereditary, perpetual, racially defined
South held 90% of slaves
Slavery becomes a fundamental part of southern Colonial society
1740, 40 % of all Virginians were slaves
1720, African slaves outnumbered whites in South Carolina 2-1.

21. Brutality of Slavery
African Slaves not accustomed to English work hours and ethics are brutalized
Horrors of the Middle Passage:
Two months on board ship
Cramped, 10-20% slaves died
Slaves resisted 1. is by passive Resistance and 2.
2. by running away
Northern colonies also used some slave labor
Both Northern and Southern colonies created slave codes to regulate the slave behavior and actions (land ownership…)
During the entire time of the Atlantic Slave trade about 11 million Africans were transported to the Americas
1739- Stono Rebellion slave uprising South Carolina = 100 slaves

23. Society South Plantation Mostly Self contained Planter class emerges
Dominated politics
Majority of small farmers had no slaves

24. Society North Puritan Town focus of community
Covenants bind members together “religious and social commitment to unity”
Village around a “Common” Pasture
Social Hierarchy the “Elect” chosen by god
“Town Meetings”
Adult males, close family ties due to lack of land

25. Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692)
Accusations of witchcraft come to a small village in Massachusetts- (Adolescent)
Bad things were happening to Mass: and the very religious Puritans believed the devil was responsible.
Names remain: Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, Tituba…

27. Salem Witches
19 people executed 2 die in jail, one is tortured to death
Prominent people are accused and the court is disbanded
Classic Witch Hunt:
“Accused could save their lives only by confessing and implicating others…”
“Vivid example of people’s capacity to turn against fellow humans, however innocent, in an effort to save themselves.”

28. Witch Trials Associated Correlations
Mostly women
Middle aged widows
Few or no children
Low social position
Involved in conflicts in the area
Accused of other crimes
Abrasive
Women who had inherited land
Women who challenged Gender norms

29. The Great Awakening 1730s-1740s
Great Awakening= “Awakening” to religion
The Great Awakening of the 1700s came in response to a decline in religious piety
Western movement = less organized religion
Stated man is not helpless in achieving (Salvation) regeneration; his will can be an effective force in his being saved
Characteristics:
Evangelism = strong, energetic preachers
Jeremiads = sermons complaining about decline of piety
Appealed to women
Sermons emphasized starting new relationship with GOD.

30. Great Awakening
Congregations divided into New Light Revivalists and Old Lights
Jonathan Edwards ( )
Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c. 1734) in Northampton in 1734
Most influential theological writer and thinker of the movement.
Salvation depended on God's grace is
Graphic Depictions of hell
George Whitefield ( )
Huge crowds went to see him
Brilliant English orator; made 7 trips to the American colonies and traveled extensively             b. His basic appeal was to the Bible
Most influential figure of the Great Awakening; founded Methodism

31. Results of The Great Awakening
Brought religion to many who had lost touch with it       c. Undermined the older clergy (Old Lights)
Brought a number of religious groups to popularity i.e., Baptists- which spread throughout the middle and southern colonies
Led to general acceptance of religious differences

32. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
the one preached to the congregation of Enfield, Massachusetts (later Connecticut) in July Anthologized in high school and college textbooks, Sinners represents in many persons’ minds the bleak, cruel, and hell-bent outlook of Edwards and his Puritan predecessors.
As a specially crafted awakening sermon, Sinners was aimed at a particularly hard-hearted congregation. But, at the same time, the awakening sermon and all it expressed—the awful weight of sin, the wrath of an infinitely holy God, and the unexpectedness of the moment when God will execute justice—were integral to Edwards’s theology.

33. Colonial Government Colonies had large degree of Autonomy 1600-1750
Salutary Neglect: Lax enforcement of laws, loose control
Royal Governor represented the King’s Government (could veto colonial legislatures)
Could dissolve assemblies
Judges were appointed by Governors
Were appointed by the King’s government
Elected representative bodies- Bicameral (Two house legislatures)
(White male, land owners- 50 acres of land minimum, Self Government)
House of Burgesses (Virginia) and Assemblies
Budgeted Governor's Salary
Make laws for the colonies

34. Essays for Ch 4 Brinkley
“The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.”
Assess the validity of this statement.
How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?
Between 1754 to 1774 a profound alteration of relationship occurred between the American colonists and their mother country, Great Britain. This changing relationship became painfully obvious to both parties with the opening of the American Revolution and active hostilities.
Identify and explain the key factors which brought about this changing relationship using your own knowledge and the documents provided.

35. French and Indian War 1754-1763 AKA: Seven Years War
The British and French rivalry and antagonism manifest itself in the American colonies.
A Series of limited wars preceded the FI War:
King William’s War
Queen Anne’s War
King George’s War
The Ohio Company of Virginia gain charter to settle land and causes French to assert claims and build forts. Map

37. French and Indian War
The Ohio Company of Virginia send troops to build fort and are expelled by French
French build Fort Duquesne
Washington-commanded a small force, attacks and must retreat to Ft. Necessity and later surrenders.
Full scale war erupts and British send troops but want colonial cooperation
At first colonials don’t support the war until the British promise to reimburse colonies for efforts.

40. Albany Plan of Union Benjamin Franklin, Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754
This cartoon shows a snake cut into eight pieces, each labeled with the name of one of the colonies. The position of each colony in the snake corresponds to the geographic position of the colonies along the American coast, with the snake's tail pointing south and the head pointing north.
The colonies, from tail to head (south to north), are: South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and New England (New England refered to the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire). The caption reads, "JOIN, or DIE."
The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity. At the time, there was a superstition that a snake which had been cut into pieces would come back to life if the pieces were put together before sunset.

41. French and Indian War
French were allied with most Indian tribes except Iroquois
British invade under Braddock and are beaten back
Later the British, under new leadership, are able to gradually divide the French powers and end up invading Canada, taking Quebec and Montreal.
Peace of Paris, 1763 effectively remove French presence in Canada and East of the Mississippi including New Orleans (Was ceded to Spain).

43. Effects of the French and Indian War
British now control most of North America
British change their policy and relationship with the Colonies
British War Debt= L122, 603, 336 (7Million lbs each 6 month)
More taxes will be charged in order to pay for war expenses
No more movement West for colonists, Proclamation line of Speculator, buy land and sell it to immigrants for profit.
British left troops in colonies- Standing Army (Colonists Resented)
British government expected- colonist to pay for portion of the Troops.
These changes will mark an end to Salutary Neglect and bring a more direct control of colonies by England and lead to the Revolution.
Colonists begin to develop a sense of common identity, proud to be part of the British family, but perceiving clear distinctions.