1. English Rule in the Colonies

2. Mercantile System Imperialism –All Major European Powers Played a Part –Colonies Resources New Markets Mercantilism –Assumes worlds gold and silver supply (money) is fixed, but the amount of a nations share is in flux. –Nations must control economic activities to increase gold and silver supply –Colonies –Balance of Trade

3. Navigation Acts Navigation Acts (British Acts of Trade) –Used to promote Mercantile System Navigation Act of 1651 –All good going to England or to the Colonies must be carried on English Ships with majority of crew is English Navigation Act of 1660 –¾ of a ships crew must be English –Certain goods could only be shipped to England or other English Colonies »Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice, sugar, etc… Navigation Act of 1663 –All colonial imports/exports must go through England, be off loaded, and heavy tax be paid »Increased Revenue for England »Gave English Merchants a monopoly on colonial trade »Made the British Empire dependent on colonial wealth

4. Enforcing the Navigation Acts Lords of Trade –Created by King Charles II in 1675 –Designed to promote mercantile system and make it more profitable Edward Randolph –Surveyor General of Customs Forced NA’s on colonist and collect revenue/taxes Very unpopular with the colonist Massachusetts Legislature –Declaired NA’s not legal in colonies –Lost their colonial charter and a court case Directly ruled by the crown of England –First act of colonial defiance

5. Continue Sir Edmund Andros –Royal Governor of English Colonies (1686) Office Located in Boston Tactless, uncompromising and loyal to the King Taxation without Representation Begins –Taxes levied heavily on Colonies –Resistance was common, but dealt with harshly Glorious Revolution (in America) –English Monarch, James II, overthrown in Europe William and Mary Become Monarch, Decrease crowns power –English Bill of Rights & Act of Toleration = Impact on Colonial Attitudes –John Lock’s “Two Treaties on Government = Impact on Colonial Attitudes –Andros and his men overthrown in colonies All colonies retained their former statues Except Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, became single colony of Massachusetts –Navigation Acts Refined = Better Relations with Colonies Act to Prevent Frauds and Abuses of 1696 – enforce trade laws Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations (Board of Trade) - regulate trade

6. Salutary Neglect –Philosopher Edmond Burke called “a wise and salutary neglect”. Period of relaxed control over the colonies –Colonist remained loyal British subjects –Colonist promoted mercantile system –Colonist pursued independent economic interests –Colonist pursued independent political interests Planted ideas of independence from Britain

7. Self-Government in the Colonies Colonies –Royal Provinces vs. Royal Charter Started out as Royal Charters –Small Colonies in size and economics –Autonomous Political Statues, but subjects to crown Became Royal Provinces –Large Colonies in size and economics –Direct control form crown »Governors were appointed by crown »Assemblies were elected by colonist

8. The Governors Power of the Governors –Appointed by the King for Life Could Veto Colonial Legislation Could determined when and where legislative assemblies meet –Could adjourn legislative sessions –Could dissolve assemblies –Could suspend elections Controlled the Militia Could names and Dismisses Judges Appoints their own council –Acted as Upper House and Highest Court of Appeals

9. The Assemblies Power of the Assemblies –Elected by their peers Lower Houses of the Legislature –Only Men and property owners –Large land owning population = very democratic –Two Positions of Power Controlled the Finances of the Colonies –Including taxes and governors salary »Encouraged Governors to cooperates –Provided their access to important offices and appointments Initiate Legislation –Made Laws of the Colonies –Developed principles of Self-Government From Habit to Right