1. Material testing
Lesson 2

2. Stress
stress – internal force in a material which tends to resist deformation when subjected to external forces
intensity of a stress unit depends on the size of the force acting on a unit area of the material
applied force
stress =
c.s.a. of a material

3. Types of stresses Compressive stress Tensile stress Shear stress
Torsion
Bending

4. Compressive stress
Compressive stress is the stress applied to materials resulting in their compaction (decrease of volume).
Usually compressive stress is applied to bars, columns, etc.

5. Tensile stress
Tensile stress is the stress state leading to expansion (volume and/or length of a material tends to increase). In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces across a bar, specimen, etc.

6. Shear stress
Shear stress is a stress state where the shape of a material tends to change without particular volume change.

7. Torsion
the stress which resists a force tending to twist the material (e.g. axle, screw, etc.)

8. Bending
Bending occurs when the force applied tends to pull a horizontal bar out of its straight line.

9. Strain
Strain = distortion of a material (permanent change in size and shape due to stress)

10. Material testing
Tensile test – measures strength and ductility of a material
A) a static increasing pull is applied until fracture results (stress - strain curve)
B) a dynamic load is applied giving data on fatigue impact
Impact test – measures the energy absorbed by a material when it is fractured
Hardness test – measures material resistance to indentation
Creep test – measures slow plastic deformation of a material under constant stress

11. Testing machine

12. Testing procedure a specimen of standard size = test piece
grip in jaws
apply load gradually (tensile or compressive)
extend, extension, extended
original length = L1
new length = L2
deformation = extension/original length

13. Stress – Strain Curve

14. Modulus of elasticity
the modulus of elasticity (elastic modulus) of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region

15. Yield point
= the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically
prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed
once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible

16. Proof stress (Offset yield point)
when a yield point is not easily defined based on the shape of the stress-strain curve an offset yield point is arbitrarily defined
the value for this is commonly set at 0.1 or 0.2% of the strain

17. Proof stress (Offset yield point)

18. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
= the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking (c.s.a. of a material is reduced)

19. Factor of safety
describes the structural capacity of a system beyond the expected loads or actual loads (= how much stronger the system is than it usually needs to be for an intended load)