1. Aggregates Review November 2004

2. Charged with addressing Objective 1 of the ALSF: “To minimise the demand for primary aggregates” A simple approach……. Reduce demand for primary aggregates through … Greater use of recycled and secondary aggregates by … Addressing the barriers to increased use Aggregates Programme

3. What are Recycled & Secondary Aggregates? Recycled aggregates: from materials previously used in construction - masonry - concrete - asphalt - spent rail ballast Secondary aggregates: by-products of other industrial processes - steel slag - pulverized fuel ash - incinerator bottom ash - spent foundry sand - colliery spoil - slate waste - china clay waste - tyres, glass, plastic

4. Construction Aggregates Life-Cycle Construction 215M tonnes Primary Aggregates 45M tonnes Recycled Aggregate 96M tonnes Construction Demolition & Excavation Waste 43M tonnes Other material uses 10M tonnes Secondary Aggregates 8M tonnes waste (landfill)

5. Meeting Aggregate Demand Data sources: Survey of Arisings and Use of Secondary Materials as Aggregates in England and Wales in 2001, Planning Research by ODPM and Survey of Arisings and Use of Construction and Demolition waste in England and Wales in 2001, Planning Research by ODPM, QPA Aggregate Statistics, Scottish Exec. Rewcycled Aggs in Scotland, Planings: WRAP estimate GB sourcing of construction aggregates

6. Market Trends: GB Aggregate Sales 1989 to 2003 Data source: QPA

7. Primary Aggregates DTI Construction Statistics Annual 2002 fills 25% sub-base 15% asphalt 11% concrete/graded coarse agg 26% building sand 6% concrete sand 17% Construction Aggregates - End Uses asphalt 5% sub-base 18% concrete/graded coarse agg 7% fills 70% Recycled & Secondary WRAP estimate

8. Aggregates Recycling - Change in activity 2001 - 2003

9. Introduction CDEW Surveys, England & Scotland 2003 Contaminated Land and Waste Management Key statistics: Crusher numbers (783) still rising (roughly 4% per year in England) Recycled aggregate in England up by 8.5%, from 36.5 million tonnes (2001) to 39.6 million tonnes ±10% (2003) Recycled aggregate in Scotland 4.3 million tonnes ±27% (2003) Very similar levels (800-840 kg/capita) Recycled soil boosts total recycling by 15%

10. Use of Inert CD&EW 2003 - England CD&EW Arisings – recycling feedstock Source: ODPM 2004 Hard CD&EW Mixed CD&EW Excavation waste

11. ODPM Aggregates Planning 2001 - 2016 (England) Data source: ODPM 2003 Recycled & Secondary Sand & Gravel Crushed Rock

12. Recycled and Secondary Aggregates Forecasts 2001 to 2016

13. Recycled and Secondary Aggregates Market Share 2001 - 2016

14. Use of Inert CD&EW 2003 - England CD&EW Arisings – recycling feedstock Source: ODPM 2004 Hard CD&EW Mixed CD&EW Excavation waste

15. Market Drivers for More Recycling DEFRA changes to WML exempt site regulations increasing costs and tightening regulation The availability of competitive aggregate washing plant with water recirculation systems The introduction of European Aggregate Standards that do not discriminate against recycled and secondary aggregates

16. Potential for growth in recycled and secondary aggregates Major Secondary and Recycled Resources in England (million tonnes) 20012015Growth Recycled Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste 36.551.414.9 Asphalt planings5 5.60.6 Spent Rail Ballast1.21.3 0.1 Blast Furnace and Steel Slag1.6 20.4 Colliery Spoil0.8 10.2 PFA/FBA2.4 30.6 China Clay aggregates2.3 4.62.3 Used foundry sand0.2 0.50.3 IBA0.4 1.41 Slate waste0.3 0.50.2 Tyres0.1 0.20.1 Glass0.1 0.20.1 Secondary/Recycled total 50.971.720.8 Data source: WRAP forecast

17. The Value Challenge Recycled aggregates are often down- cycled, wasting their potential Crushed concrete used a fill Asphalt used on farm tracks

18. Recycling to Higher Value

19. asphalt 5% sub-base 18% concrete/graded coarse agg 7% fills 70% Current applications WRAP estimate fills 33% sub-base 35% asphalt 14% concrete/graded coarse agg 17% Potential applications WRAP estimate Recycled & Secondary Aggregates – moving to higher value applications

20. Changes in end use 2001 - 2015 Data source: WRAP forecast for England Aggregate Grade Recycled & 2ndary mt 2001 Recycled & 2ndary mt 2015 Change in Use mt Concrete/graded coarse agg 3.312.1+8.8 Asphalt aggs2.710.2+7.5 Sub-base9.325.2+15.9 Fills35.323.5-11.8 Total50.671.0+20.4

21. Aggregates Programme Strategic Objectives Enable recycled and secondary aggregates to fulfil their potential - meeting increased aggregate demand to 2012  Implies market share increase 23% to 29% Encourage an increase in higher value end-use from 30% to 60% by 2015

22. Sustainable Aggregates - any barriers?

23. Barriers to Achieving the Potential l Waste goes to the lowest cost option l Recycling has to be competitive with landfill l Low value recycling lowers confidence and use l Negative impact of regulation, eg: definition of waste l Conservative procurement policies l Low awareness of specs and standards

24. Barriers to sustainability l Specifications? l No!! l Highways Agency SHW has encouraged the use of recycled and secondary aggregates since 2001 l Revised from January 2004 to cover the new European Standards

25. Specification for Highway Works ResourcePipe bedding FillsCappingSub-baseHBM sub- base AsphaltCBM base PQ concrete Recycled aggregate √√√√√√√√ Recycled concrete √√√√√√√√ Recycled asphalt √√√√√√√√ Steel slag √√√√√√√ Blastfurnace slag √√√√√√√ Slate √√√√√√√√ PFA √√√√√√√ FBA √√√√ Recycled glass √√√√√√√√

26. Barriers to sustainability l Specifications? l New European Standards are for ‘aggregates from natural, recycled and manufactured materials’. l Performance is the key not origin of the resource. l Replaced existing BS from 1 June 04

27. New European Standards l BS EN 12620 l BS EN 12620 – Aggregates for Concrete l BS EN 13043 l BS EN 13043 – Aggregates for Bituminous Mixtures and surface treatments l BS EN 13450 l BS EN 13450 – Railway Ballast l BS EN 13242 l BS EN 13242 – Aggregates for Unbound & Hydraulic bound mixtures l BS EN 13139 l BS EN 13139 – Aggregates for Mortar l BS EN 13383 l BS EN 13383 – Armourstone