1. Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham.edu

2. Quiz on Thursday Moon Mars

3. Need to account for these things when you form the Moon The Moon's low density (3.3 g/cm 3 ) shows that it does not have a substantial iron core like the Earth does. Moon rocks contain few volatile substances (e.g. water), which implies extra baking of the lunar surface relative to that of Earth. The relative abundance of oxygen isotopes on Earth and on the Moon are identical, which suggests that the Earth and Moon formed at the same distance from the Sun.

4. Oxygen Isotopes There are three stable isotopes of oxygen They have masses of 16, 17, and 18 atomic mass units % 16 O~99.762 17 O ~0.038 18 O ~0.200 The oxygen isotopic ratios ( 17 O/ 16 O and 18 O/ 16 O of silicate rocks from the Earth and Moon are the same and are different from most meteorites and Mars

8. Geologic Time Scale A scheme to relate stratigraphy to time

9. Ma – million years http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/socal/geology/geologic_history/images/geologic_time_scale.jpg Why is there such a large age difference between the beginning and end of the Cambrian?

10. Cambrian is the earliest period where rocks are found with numerous large multicellular organisms that could be found as fossils

11. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/fossils.html

12. http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/c/c5/Evolution_timeline.jpg/400px-Evolution_timeline.jpg

13. http://www.cityastronomy.com/geologic-earth-moon-graphic.bmp

14. http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/WebImg/LunarTimeScale.gif http://www.etsu.edu/physics/etsuobs/starprty/21200mwc/moonmap.jpg

15. Mars http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Mars_large.jpg

16. Mars Names after Mars, Roman God of War Mars has two tiny natural moons, Phobos and Deimos, which orbit very close to the planet and are thought to be captured asteroids. Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall, and are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, God of War

17. Percival Lowell (1855-1916) Lowell produced intricate drawings of the Red Planet Finding hundreds of straight lines (termed "canals")

19. He thought Lowell concluded that the bright areas were deserts and the dark were patches of vegetation Lowell thought the canals were constructed by intelligent beings who once flourished on Mars.

20. For years People thought life could exist on Mars and Venus, the closest planets to Earth

21. However, Venus is extremely hot (~700-800 K) Atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth

22. What happened on October 30, 1938?

23. http://sounds.mercurytheatre.info/mercury/381030.mp3http://sounds.mercurytheatre.info/mercury/381030.mp3

24. Mars The average recorded temperature on Mars is -63 °C with a maximum temperature of 20 °C and a minimum of -140 °C Atmospheric pressure is 1/100 of Earth’s Mars is often enveloped by planet-wide dust storms

25. Dust Devils http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Marsdustdevil2.gif

26. Dust Devils Dust devils are smaller and weaker than tornadoes They are caused by convection on hot, calm summer days. Air near the surface becomes much warmer than the air above, creating an updraft.

28. Key to Life All life on Earth depends on water So if you find water, you may find life

29. Habitable Zone The region around a star in which planets could potentially have surface temperatures which liquid water could exist

31. In the past Mars appeared to be warmer and wetter

32. Atmospheres Layer of gases that surround a body with sufficient mass Gravity keeps the gases around the body

33. Atmospheric Pressure Pressure due to the weight of air above the measurement point Pressure is force per unit area Standard atmosphere is defined as being precisely equal to 101,325 Pascals where a Pascal is 1 N/m 2 1 bar = 100,000 pascals Pressure in the solar nebula was ~10 -4 -10 -8 bars

34. Phase Diagram http://img.search.com/thumb/d/dc/Phase-diag.png/300px-Phase-diag.png

35. http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast29jun_1m.htm Mars

36. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/cha/T073590A.gif

37. http://www.splung.com/heat/images/phases/phasediagram.png Temperature Pressure

40. Any Questions?