1. The Modern Organization Functioning in a Global Environment
CHAPTER 1
The Modern Organization Functioning in a Global Environment

2. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Business Processes and Business Process Management
1.2 Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions
1.3 The Global, Web-Based Platform
1.4 Business Pressures, Organizational Responses, and IT Support
1.5 Why Are Information Systems Important to You?
1.6 The Plan of the Book

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe business processes and discuss business process management
Differentiate among data, information, and knowledge
Differentiate between information technology infrastructure and information technology architecture

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)
Describe the global business environment and the new information technology infrastructure
Discuss the relationships among business pressures, organizational responses, and information systems

5. Chapter Opening Case
Moai on Rapa Nui

6. Homo Conexus You are the most connected generation in history
You practice continuous computing
You are surrounded by a personal, movable information network
Your personal information network is created by constant cooperation between:
the digital devices you carry;
the wired and wireless networks that you access as you move about;
Web-based tools for finding information and communicating and collaborating with other people.
You can pull information from the Web and push your ideas back to the Web.

7. Personal movable information network
And…..laptop in briefcase!
Note: ** Cell phone in ear
** Multifunction watch on wrist
** Heart and respiration monitor on arm
** Laptop in briefcase

8. 1.1 Business Processes Business Process Business Process Management
A business process is a collection of related activities that produce a product
or a service of value to the organization, its business partners, and/or its customers.
Business process management is a management technique that includes methods and
tools to support the design, analysis, implementation, management, and optimization
of business processes.

9. Example of Business Process (Figure 1.1)
The next slide shows an example of a business process: Ordering an E-ticket from an airline Web site

10. Frequent Flyer Mileage Sufficient?
Receive Ticket Order
Traveler
Airline Web Site
Seats Available NO
Notify Traveler
Plan Trip
YES
Reserve Seats
Check Flights NO
Frequent Flyer Mileage Sufficient?
Use Credit Card? NO
Seats Available? NO
YES
YES
Charge Credit Card
YES
Subtract Mileage
Submit Ticket Order
Charge OK? NO
Notify Traveler
Receive e-Ticket
YES
Confirm Flight(s)
Issue e-Ticket

11. 1.2 Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions
Data Item
Information
Knowledge
Data Item. Elementary description of things, events, activities and transactions that are recorded, classified and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning.
Information. Data organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient.
Knowledge. Data and/or information organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning and expertise as they apply to a current problem or activity.

12. Information
Knowledge
Data
Wisdom
Next?

13. Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions (continued)
Information Technology Architecture
Information Technology Infrastructure
Information Technology Architecture. A high-level map or plan of the information assets in an organization, which guides current operations and is a blueprint for future directions.
Information Technology Infrastructure. The physical facilities, IT components, IT services and IT management that support an entire organization.

14. IT Architecture of Online Travel Agency

15. IT Components, IT Platform, IT Services, and IT Infrastructure
IT components consist of hardware, software, telecommunications and networks, and wireless communications.
IT services consist of data management, managing security and risk, and systems development.
IT personnel use IT components to produce IT services.
IT components are basically synonymous with the IT platform.
IT infrastructure consists of IT components, IT personnel, and IT services.

16. 1.3 The Global, Web-Based Platform
Best represented by the Internet and the World Wide Web
Enables us to connect, compute, communicate, collaborate, and compete everywhere and anytime
Operates without regard to geography, time, distance, and language

17. The Stages of Globalization (From Thomas Friedman in The World is Flat)
Globalization 1.0 (from 1492 to 1800)
Globalization 2.0 (from 1800 to 2000)
Globalization 3.0 (from 2000 to the present)
For my notes on Friedman’s Flatteners, see:
Globalization 1.0
* 1492 to 1800
* World went from large to medium-size
* All about countries and muscles
* Key agents of change: brawn and horsepower
Globalization 2.0
* 1800 to 2000
* World has shrunk from medium to small-size
* Key agent of change: multinational companies
* First half: global integration powered by falling transportation costs
(steam engine and railroad)
* Second half: global integration powered by falling telecommunications costs
(telephone, PC, satellites, fiber-optic cable)
Globalization 3.0
* 2000 – now
* World is now tiny (everyone is everyone else’s close neighbor)
* Competitive playing field is being leveled
* Key agent of change: software, in conjunction with the global fiber-optic network
* Enabling people to collaborate and compete globally

18. Globalization 1.0 Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus “discovering” the New World in 1492.

19. Globalization 2.0 (first half)
Railroads
Global integration during the first half of Globalization 2.0 was driven by falling transportation
costs (for example, steam engine and the railroads).
Steam engine

20. Globalization 2.0 (second half)
Satellites
Fiber optics
Global integration during the second half of Globalization 2.0 was driven by falling communications
costs (e.g., satellites, fiber optics, the personal computer, and wireless smart phones).
OpenMoko open source smart phone
Netbook

21. Globalization 3.0
Key agent of change: software, in conjunction with the global fiber-optic network enabling people to
collaborate and compete globally
3.0
2.0
1.0

22. Globalization 3.0 (continued)
Schematic Map of the Internet

23. Thomas Friedman’s Ten Flatteners
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Netscape goes public
Development of work-flow software
Uploading
Outsourcing
Offshoring
Supply Chaining
Insourcing
Informing
The Steroids
We look at each flattener in the following slides.

24. Fall of the Berlin Wall

25. Rise of the European Union (a consequence of the Fall of the Berlin Wall)

26. Netscape Goes Public
Marc Andreessen (wrote Mosaic browser and Netscape browser)

27. Workflow Software
This image is an interesting juxtaposition of the old assembly line (on the right) and the
integrated circuits of work-flow software (on the left).

28. Uploading
Clicking on the Blogger, Wikipedia, or YouTube logos on this slide will take you to
their respective home pages.

29. The Open Source Movement (essential ingredient of uploading)
Apache Web server
Clicking on the Linux logo takes you to the “Linux Headquarters” home page.
Linux

30. The Open Source Movement (continued)
Firefox
Thunderbird
The Mozilla Foundation has shifted its focus to its Firefox Web browser and Thunderbird package.
Mozilla

31. The SeaMonkey Project Formerly the Mozilla Application Suite
The SeaMonkey Project is a community effort to deliver production-quality releases of code derived from the application formerly known as "Mozilla Application Suite". The SeaMonkey Project has released its
“all-in-one” Internet application suite, which contains a Web browser, and newsgroup client,
IRC chat client, and HTML editing.

32. Outsourcing
Outsourcing gained momentum and “took off” with Year 2000 (Y2K) problem

33. Offshoring
Call center in India

34. Supply Chaining

35. Insourcing

36. Informing It’s not just
There are MANY other interesting search engines as we see in Chapter 5

37. The Steroids Digital Mobile Virtual Personal
Digital: all analog content and processes are being digitized
Mobile: thanks to wireless technologies, computing, connecting, collaborating can be done anywhere
Virtual: the process of shaping, manipulating, and transmitting digitized content can be done at very high speeds, so that users do not have to think about these processes
Personal: Individuals can perform all these processes on their own computing devices

38. First Steroid: Computing (processing)TO
Ultramobile personal computer
Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822)

39. Computing (continued – storage)
Sony Micro Vault Thumb Drive
Capacity: 2 gigabytes
First disk storage unit by IBM (1956)
Capacity: 5 megabytes
Size: Refrigerator

40. Second Steroid: Instant Messaging and File Sharing
Instant messaging (example)
File sharing (example)

41. Third Steroid: Voice over Internet Protocol

42. Fourth Steroid: Videoconferencing
This slide shows a telepresence system.
A telepresence system is a sophisticated, high-bandwidth videoconferencing system with very large,
high-definition screens and directional microphones. The objective is to make participants feel that
they are in the same room.
A telepresence system in a conference room

43. Videoconferencing (continued)
An individual telepresence system

44. Videoconferencing and Medicine
New Zealand used Polycom, a leading vendor of telepresence systems, to provide a telemedicine application for children.
The telemedicine link will show a video of the New Zealand application.
Clicking on the Polycom logo will take you to its homepage.

45. Fifth Steroid: Computer Graphics

46. Sixth Steroid: Wireless Technologies
Using cell phone in motion
Geostationary satellite
Bluetooth phone sunglasses

47. The Great Convergence
We are in a convergence of three powerful, technological forces: (1) Cheap and ubiquitous computing devices (2) Low-cost, high bandwidth (3) Open standards

48. The Great Convergence (continued)
In essence, we have computing everywhere and anywhere, anytime and all the time, with access to limitless amounts of information, services, and entertainment.

49. The Great Convergence (continued)
We have the creation of a global, Web-enabled playing field that allows for multiple forms of collaboration – the sharing of knowledge and work – in real time, without regard to geography, distance, or, in the near future, even language. The field now includes some 3 billion new people, formerly digitally disenfranchised.

50. And the result of all this?
See the Power of Technology
This is the latest video in the “Did You Know” series.

51. 1.4 Business Pressures, Organizational Responses, and IT Support
Market Pressures
Technology Pressures
Societal Pressures
Business Pressure - The business environment is the combination of social, legal, economic, physical, and political factors that affect business activities.
Significant changes in any of these factor are likely to create business pressure on the organization.
The three types of business pressures faced are: market, technology, and societal pressures.

52. Business Pressures, Organizational Responses, and IT Support

53. Market Pressures The Global Economy and Strong Competition
The Changing Nature of the Workforce
Powerful Customers

54. Technology Pressures Technological Innovation and Obsolescence
Information Overload

55. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence
Obsolescence: Slide Rule
Innovation: Early calculator

56. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence (continued)
Innovation: Telegraph
Obsolescence: Pony Express

57. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence (continued)
Innovation: iPod nano
Obsolescence: old phonograph

58. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence (continued)
Innovation: digital camera
Innovation: “Credit
card” digital camera
Obsolescence: old analog camera

59. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence (continued)
Horse and Buggy
Innovation: Ford Model T

60. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence (continued)
Obsolescence: Manual typewriter
Your students can think of other technologies that have been obliterated by innovations.
Innovation: Notebook computer with word processing software

61. Information Overload

62. Societal Pressures Social Responsibility
Government Regulation and Deregulation
Protection Against Terrorist Attacks
Ethical Issues

63. Green IT See CBS video on disposal of e-waste
Clicking on the Ares, Osaka, and Las Vegas logos will take you to their respective Web sites.
See CBS video on disposal of e-waste

64. Social Responsibility
One Laptop per Child initiative
Bridging the Digital Divide

65. Social Responsibility (continued)
Bridging the Digital Divide with large satellite dish in rural hamlet
Internet over satellite in developing nations

66. Social Responsibility (continued)
Bridging the Digital Divide
Getting the satellite dish to the rural hamlet
* Interesting juxtaposition of Agricultural Age and Information Age

67. Social Responsibility (continued)
Youth Computer Club in Cuba
Bridging the Digital Divide with a Cuban Youth Computer Club

68. Social Responsibility (continued)
Cuban Youth Computer Club mobile unit
The Cuban Youth Computer Club on wheels

69. Microlenders (IT’s About Business 1.2)
Clicking on the logos will take you to the respective Web pages.

70. Organizational Responses
Strategic Systems
Customer Focus
Make-to-Order and mass customization
See Reebok
See Bodymetrics video
E-business and E-commerce
Strategic Systems provide advantages that enable organizations to increase market share and/or profits, to better negotiate with suppliers, or prevent competitors from entering their markets.
Customer Focus is the difference between attracting and keeping customers by providing superb customer service to losing them to competitors.
Make-to-Order is a strategy of producing customized products and services.
Mass Customization is producing a large quantity of items, but customizing them to fit the desire of each customer.
Reebok and Bodymetrics provide excellent examples of mass customization.
E-business and E-commerce: Buying and selling products and services electronically.
E-business is a broader concept than e-commerce.

71. 1.5 Why Are Information Systems Important to You?
Information systems and information technologies are integral to your lives
Information systems offer career opportunities
Information systems are used by all functional areas in an organization

72. Build Your Own Multinational (IT’s About Business 1.4)
All these companies offer global outsourcing. Each logo is a link to that
company’s home page.
Interestingly, students can sign up to offer their services on many of these sites.

73. Misinformation about Information Systems Career Opportunities
Myth #1: There are no computing jobs.
Myth #2: There will be no IT jobs when I graduate.
Myth #3: All IT-related jobs are moving offshore.
Myth #4: IT salaries are lower due to cheap overseas labor.

74. 1.6 The Plan of This Book
The major objective of this book is to help you understand the roles of information technologies in today’s digital organizations.
The book is designed to help you think strategically about information systems
The book demonstrates how IT supports all of the functional areas of the organization
Each chapter introduces a major topic in Information Technology

75. Chapter Closing Case
The Blur XC Carbon