1. Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy CSIRO Research & Applications Tania Ritchie Hunter Environmental Institute seminar Newcastle, June 2011

2. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar 1.Background Solar thermal technologies Current costs Cost saving potentials 2.Solar thermal research at CSIRO Solar fuels Solar air turbine Heliostat development Advanced steam generation Advanced energy storage 3.Conclusion Overview

3. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Solar Energy PhotovoltaicsSolar Thermal Energy sunlight electricity sunlight electricity heat other uses

4. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Solar Thermal Energy Non-concentrated solar energy 400 800 300 700 100 500 200 600 900 1000°C 0°C Linear focus Point focus Tower Trough Dish Linear Fresnel

5. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Nevada Solar One Tower Dish Liddell Power Station, NSW PS20, Seville Trough ANU Big Dish SES Test Facility, USA Solar Thermal Energy Non-concentrated solar energy Linear focus Point focus 400 800 300 700 100 500 200 600 900 1000°C 0°C Linear Fresnel

6. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Solar Thermal Energy Non-concentrated solar energy Linear focus Point focus Nature, Sept 1882 400 800 300 700 100 500 200 600 900 1000°C 0°C Nature, Jan 1884

7. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Cumulative Operational MW e Trough Trough commercialisation Trough demonstration Global developments plantsGWe Operational391.27 Under construction 291.93 Under development 6717.53 Tower Tower commercialisation Tower demonstration

8. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Will solar energy be cost-competitive? Plant at Longreach with 6 hrs storage Scope for another 10-15% reduction if alternative HTF found Troughs (now) Troughs (2017) Towers (now) Towers (2020) Capital, /kW e 8119489178365675 LCOE, c/kWh22.313.522.616.4 US Roadmap $4890/kW e 13 c/kWh CSIRO/Aurecon models Source: Concentrating solar power – drivers and opportunities for cost-competitive electricity, CSIRO/Aurecon March 2011 www.garnautreview.org.au

9. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Decreasing the cost Cost Saving OpportunitiesCSIRO Research Challenge Power block and heliostat economies of scale Low cost and high performance heliostats, small modular MW (5- 10MW) technologies matched to markets for early deployment Technical maturity – component and ongoing costs Low maintenance heliostats, improved reliability of components Increased plant efficiencyHigher temperature, higher solar concentration ratios, improved optical performance, higher receiver efficiency, higher temperature storage media

10. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar CSIRO Solar Field 1 170 point focus mirrors 500 kW th T ≈ 1000°C at receiver Reforms natural gas to SolarGas with 26% embodied solar energy H 2 O+CH 4 CO+3H 2

11. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar CSIRO Solar Field 1

12. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar CSIRO Solar Field 1

13. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar CSIRO Solar Field 2 451 point focus mirrors >1000 kW th T ≈ 1000°C at receiver Heats air to run a gas turbine, producing electricity

14. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar CSIRO Solar Field 2

15. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Heliostat development Advanced heliostat design Heliostat quality control Closed-loop pointing control Precise targeting Raytracing – predicting performance Flux mapping – confirming performance Glare & safety analysis Raytrace predictions Photographs M12 M13 M14 M15

16. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Advanced steam project Advanced Steam-Generating Receivers for High-Concentration Solar Collectors Duration: 3½ years from January 2010 Budget: $9.695M Major Works: Steam receivers to match highest efficiency commercial turbine Superheating receivers Modelling of solar steam systems Hybrid steam/thermoelectric receivers CSP at CSIRO

17. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Thermal storage Heat exchange with process Hot and cold storage tanks e-e-

18. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Thermal storage Image credit: Andasol 1

19. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Storage costs Only accessible to solar thermal Source: Sandia CST Roadmap study; Energy Storage Association. Slide: Cameron Briggs

20. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Storage benefits Max. solar Max. price (summer) Max. price (winter) 4 hr 6 hr

21. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Advanced storage project Duration: 3 years commencing January 2010 Budget: $8.632M Enable very high temperature thermal storage for dispatchable power Storage temperatures above 700ºC Industrial applications Higher energy density / Lower inventory of storage materials Requires identification and development of new Heat Transfer and storage materials Integration of High Temp Storage and Steam systems

22. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Conclusion CSP has the potential to become a low cost technology cost of electricity can be reduced from around 23c/kWh currently to 13 c/kWh by 2020 Improvements below 10 c/kWh are technically feasible CSIRO’s research is focused on achieving these cost reductions.

23. Contact Us Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176 Email: enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au Thank you Tania Ritchie tania.ritchie@csiro.au

24. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Can solar energy meet demand? The Solar Resource Australia’s electricity requirements met by 50km x 50km Averaged solar irradiation 1990-2004. Ecole des Mines de Paris / Armines 2006.

25. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar CSIRO Solar Field 2 Near term commercial opportunity for CSP in Australia. Sun in, electricity out Suitable for distributed generation at the 1-10MWe range Water free Good balance between risk and financing for the Australian market Existing markets exist in which it can compete

26. 1. Background 2. CSIRO 3. Conclusion solar fuels sol. brayton heliostats steam storage basics cost savings CSIRO. Hunter Environmental Institute 2011 seminar Global developments Gemasolar, Spain Image credit: Gemasolar PS10 & PS20, Spain Image credit: eSolar eSolar, USA Image credit: Abengoa