1. Introduction to applied medical science Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Introduction to applied medical science
مقدمة في العلوم الطبية
Lecture No.1
Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

2. Introduction to Radiology

3. 1. Definition of Radiology
Radiology is a medical specialty using medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat patients.

4. 1. Definition of Radiology
Radiation Therapy
Nuclear Medicine
Diagnostic
Radiology is a medical specialty using medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat patients.

5. 2. What are our tools? X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy

6. Conventional Radiography “X-Ray”

7. Conventional Radiography “X-Ray”
Terms:
Density
Opacity
Observable Densities:
Bone
Soft Tissue
Gas

8. 2. What our are tools? X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy

9. Computed Tomography (CT)

10. Computed Tomography (CT)
Terms:
Attenuation
Density
Enhancement
Large radiation dose

11. 2. What are our tools? X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy

12. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Terms:
Signal intensity T1 T2
Enhancement
No radiation
Strong magnetic field
No pacemakers
No electronic implants
Small, loud tube
Patients must hold still
Relatively expensive

14. 2. What are our tools? X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy

15. Ultrasound

16. Ultrasound Terms: No radiation Can be portable Relatively inexpensive
Echogenicity
Shadowing
Doppler for flow
No radiation
Can be portable
Relatively inexpensive

17. 2. What are our tools? X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy

18. Nuclear Medicine (NM) [gamma camera]

19. Nuclear Medicine (NM) [gamma camera]
Terms:
Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the patient until cleared or decayed

20. Nuclear Medicine (NM) [SPECT]

21. Nuclear Medicine (NM) [SPECT]
Terms:
Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the patient until cleared or decayed

22. Nuclear Medicine (NM) [PET]

23. Nuclear Medicine (NM) [PET]
Terms:
Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the patient until cleared or decayed

24. 2. What are our tools? X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy

25. Radiotherapy

26. Radiotherapy Terms: Cancer cells are very sensitive to radiation
Deep X-ray therapy
Tumors
Masses, cancer
Cancer cells are very sensitive to radiation
Few side effects

27. 3. x-ray Physics X-rays is a form of electromagnetic energy.
Travel at the speed of light.
X-ray is a part of electromagnetic spectrum.

28. Three Things Can Happen
X-rays can:
Pass all the way through the body.
Be deflected or scattered.
Be absorbed.

29. X-rays Passing Through Tissue
Depends on the energy of the x-ray and the atomic number of the tissue.
Higher energy x-ray - more likely to pass through.
Higher atomic number - more likely to absorb the x- ray.

30. How do x-rays passing through the body create an image?
X-rays that pass through the body to the film render the film dark (black).
X-rays that are totally blocked do not reach the film and render the film light (white).
Air = low atomic # = x-rays get through = image is dark.
Metal = high atomic # = x-rays blocked = image is light (white).

31. Basic Radiographic Densities
Air.
Bone.
Soft tissue.

32. How do X-rays create an image of internal body structures?
X-rays pass through the body to varying degrees.
Higher atomic number structures block x-rays better, example bone.
Lower atomic number structures allow x-rays to pass through, example: air in the lungs.

34. TO BE CONTINUED

35. Introduction to applied medical science Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Introduction to applied medical science
مقدمة في العلوم الطبية
Lecture No.2
Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

36. Introduction to Radiology

37. 4. Medical Imaging
Primary purpose is to identify pathologic conditions.
Requires recognition of normal anatomy.

38. X-Ray Film Film is a media that makes a permanent record of the image.
Image recorded on film is caused by exposure to photons.

39. X-Ray Film - Composition
Radiographic film is/was most common image receptor.
Films is consist of two parts:
1. Base.
2. Emulsion.

40. X-Ray Film Cross Section

41. X-ray Film Construction - Base
Made of a polyester plastic.
Must be clear, strong, consistent thickness.
Tinted pale blue or blue-gray (reduces eye strain).
Coated on 1 or 2 sides with emulsion.

42. X-ray Film Construction - Emulsion
Film emulsion can be on one side or both sides of base (single emulsion / double emulsion).
Protective overcoat layered on top of emulsion.
Emulsion is a gelatin containing the film crystals.
Emulsion is the “active” layer of film.

43. X-Ray Film Cross Section

44. Film Sizes 14 X 17 inch 14 X 14 inch 11 X 14 inch 10 X 12 inch

45. Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.

46. Processing Manual Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Manual Processing

47. Processing Automatic Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Automatic Processing

48. Processing Automatic Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Automatic Processing

49. Processing Day Light System
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Day Light System

50. 5. Careers in Radiology and Radiologic Technology
Radiologist
Radiologic Technologist

51. Objectives Summarize two primary roles of the radiologist.
Define radiologic technologist and identify three primary roles.
List the advanced practice roles of the radiologic technologist.

52. Radiologist
Doctor who specializes in the use of radiant energy to diagnose and treat disease.
Works in hospitals, the private sector, or diagnostic imaging or radiation therapy treatment centers.
May specialize in diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology.

53. Radiologist (cont.) Diagnostic Radiologist Job Responsibilities
Conduct general and specialized imaging examinations of the entire human body.
Noninvasive imaging – studies taken from outside the body that do not require the use of contrast media.
Invasive imaging – studies taken from inside the body that require needles or catheters to be inserted into the body.

54. Radiologist (cont.)
Diagnostic Radiologist Job Responsibilities (cont.)
Maintain aseptic and sterile techniques and use standard precautions.
Use various imaging modalities.
Administer contrast agents.
Respond to emergencies and administer drugs.

55. Radiologist (cont.) Radiation Oncologist Job Responsibilities
To determine a tumor treatment plan for a client.
To cure, relieve pain and distress, enhance the action of drugs, or to establish local tumor control.

56. Radiologist (cont.) Radiation Oncologist Job Responsibilities (cont.)
Maintain aseptic and sterile techniques and standard precautions.
Use radiation to deliver treatments.
Identify the volume of the client’s body to be treated.

57. Radiologist (cont.) Radiation Oncologist Job Responsibilities (cont.)
Explain the treatment plan to the client and obtain informed consent.
Use positioning and immobilizing devices.
Assess the client’s tumor response after radiation therapy treatments.
Supervise the radiation oncology team.

58. Radiologic Technologist
Uses radiant energy to produce diagnostic images or dispense treatments.

59. Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Supervised by a radiologist.
Certified by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.
Can become members of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists.

60. Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Education and Employment
Fields include:
Radiography.
Nuclear medicine technology.
Radiation therapy technology.
Advanced practice certification areas are also available with additional education.

61. Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Employment Opportunities
Many work in hospital radiology departments.
Others may work in private physician offices, diagnostic-imaging centers, and emergency care clinics.
About two-thirds are employed as radiographers.

62. Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Radiographer Job Responsibilities
May perform fluoroscopy.
Use contrast media to make viewing X-rays easier.

63. Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Nuclear Medicine Technologist
Uses radioisotopes that tell how well the human anatomy functions.
Injects radioisotopes into the body.
Special cameras detect radioactivity, and the images are produced on the computer or on film.

64. Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Radiation Therapist
Assists radiation oncologists by administering radiation doses.
Works with other staff members to ensure comprehensive treatment of cancer patients.

65. Apply Your Knowledge
Name at least four fields of radiology including advanced practice areas.
Answer:
Nuclear medicine technology.
Radiation therapy technology.
Mammography.
Sonography.
Quality management technology.

67. TO BE CONTINUED