1. Why Not Go Directly to Digital in Cellular Radios, and Connect the A/D to the Antenna? Paul C. Davis (Retired from Bell Labs) pcdavis@ieee.orgpcdavis@ieee.org OR P308davis@aol.com SSCS Technical Meeting April 26, 2010

2. Cellular Radio is Like Finding a Pin in a Football Field PCD 4/2010

3. Outline 1.Intro. A/D to Antenna and RF “Secrets” 2. Heterodyne Receivers 3.Moving the A / D 4.Heterodyne Transmitters 5.Tracking Transmitter PCD 4/2010

4. What's so tough about designing a portable digital cellular radio? Receiver requirements 1. Sensitivity, which translates to IC Noise Figure 2. Blocker-immunity, which translates to Amplifier Linearity 3. Stand-by time, or current draw while waiting for a call Transmitter requirements 1. Noise in the receive band while transmitting 2. Spurious Signals at any frequency 3. Talk time, or battery life while actually talking PCD 4/2010

5. Legal vs. Market Requirements Legal requirements: Make a radio that works, and sounds good anywhere, but does not interfere with another radio. All cellular radios are "type approved" for sensitivity, interference resistance, and spurious signals. Market Requirements: Make it cheap. Make it small. Make it have a long battery life. Make it first. PCD 4/2010

6. Types of Radio Systems Cellular Radio Frequency: 900, 1800 MHz and higher bands Access:FDMA, TDMA (GSM), and CDMA or combination Cordless Phones Frequency:45, 900, 1900, and 2400 MHz bands Access:FM and Spread Spectrum (frequency hopping) LAN (Bluetooth; IEEE 802.11x, could be a, b, g, etc.) Frequency:2400 MHz and 5.2 - 5.8GHz Access:Spread Spectrum (frequency hopping SS, direct sequence SS and OFDM) PCD 4/2010

7. Types of Radio Systems (cont.) Cellular Radio Sensitivity:< - 102 dBm Distortion:IP3 > -10 dBm Handset RF Peak Power Out:0.6 to 2W Cordless Telephone Sensitivity:< - 85 dBm Distortion:IP3 > -25 dBm Handset RF Peak Power Out:10 mW to 250 mW LAN (Bluetooth; IEEE 802.11) Sensitivity:< -70 dBm; < -80 dBm Distortion:IP3 > -16 dBm "Handset" RF Peak Power Out: 1mW, 100mW; 1W PCD 4/2010

8. General Block Diagram of a Cellular Radio PCD 4/2010

9. Typical GSM (Radio) Receiver with Single IF Sample GSM Receiver Requirements (Portable Radio) Sensitivity: -102 dBm at input of receiver chain must yield a 0.01 BER (Requires a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of ~9 dB) Interference Rejection 0 dBm out-of-band single-tone blocking signals -23 dBm in-band single-tone blocking signals -43 dBm in-band two-tone blocking signals PCD 4/2010

10. Example GSM Receiver System Requirements for Type Approval Req. rej. of two-tone sig. >66 dB. NF at LNA input < +8 dB. PCD 4/2010

11. Two-tone Harmonic Generation (Third-order+ (3CE 1 2 E 2 )/4 [cos(2  a t+  b t)+cos(2  a t-  b t)] IM products)+ (3CE 1 E 2 2 )/4 [cos(2  b t+  a t)+cos(2  b t-  a t)] From R. S. Carson, © 1990 Wiley C(E 1 cos  a t+E 2 cos  b t) 3 = fundamentals + 3 rd harmonics PCD 4/2010

12. Two Tone IP3 for Narrow Band Circuits Such as RF IC’s PCD 4/2010

14. Phase Cancellation Scheme to Remove Sideband Noise Eliminates a filter at the cost of extra current and complexity. PCD 4/2010

15. Alcatel has sold millions since 1994. Watch for DC offset problems with high DC gain (80 dB) and carrier leakage back through the antenna PCD 4/2010 “Direct Down” Receiver (No IF)

16. For 900 MHz GSM System: Sample Rate :> 1800 MHz Jitter of S / H:< 3 ps A / D Linearity:~19 bits Noise Figure at Antenna:< 10 dB (< 4nVpp /  Hz) Competitive A/D Power:~40 mW PCD 4/2010 A / D to Antenna

17. For 900 MHz GSM System: Sample Rate :> 200 MHz Jitter of S / H:< 3 ps A / D Linearity:~15 bits Noise Figure at Antenna:< 10 dB (< 4nVpp /  Hz) Noise Figure at S/H< 27 dB ( < 28 nVpp/  Hz) Competitive A/D Power:~25 mW PCD 4/2010 A / D After LNA and RF Filter

18. A / D After RF-IF Mixer For 900 MHz GSM System: Sample Rate :> 142 MHz Jitter of S / H:< 20 ps A / D Linearity:~15 bits Noise Figure at Antenna:< 10 dB (< 4nVpp /  Hz) Noise Figure at S/H< 20 dB ( < 12.5 nVpp/  Hz) Competitive A/D Power:~10 mW PCD 4/2010

19. Latest answer, wrong question? UCLA students have replaced the IF filter/mixer with a 10 mW A/D, publ. in: “The Path to the Software-Defined Radio Receiver” Asad A. Abidi, Fellow, IEEE IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 42, NO. 5, MAY 2007 © IEEE, 2007 PCD 4/2010

20. Advantages: Phase shift is easier and uses less current at IF Disadvantages: n X IF spurs in the RF band. High powered output amplifier. PCD 4/2010 Indirect-up Transmitter

21. Direct-up Transmitter Single sideband modulator uses two mixers and phase shifter at 900 MHz. (Higher currents needed.) Watch out for interference from power amplifier to VCO. PCD 4/2010

22. High Frequency VCO different from modulated output signal. Filter for alternate side-band in LO path, not in signal path. PCD 4/2010 Direct-up Transmitter (with Offset Oscillator)

23. Block Diagram of Tracking Up-conversion Loop

24. Summary and Conclusions 1.Heterodyne receivers, used for decades, are still the most popular for cellular, cordless, and LAN. 2.Direct-down conversion has become a commercial reality and reduced the need for A/D at the IF stage. 3.Moving the A/D to the antenna would reduce the number of filters, and allow Software Defined Radio. However, the performance requirements are impractical in today's technology, to compete successfully. 4. The tracking transmitter technique reduces the receive band noise in the transmitted signal. However, it can only be used with constant envelope modulation. PCD 4/2010

25. Terms of Use The slides and notes in this Power Point presentation were created by Paul C. Davis, for a SSCS Section Presentation on April 26, 2010, and intended solely for the information and personal use of the audience and web-site users. PCD 4/2010