1. Module 05 - 06 Some Issues Before Translating and Problems of Cultural Equivalence in Translation

2. What’s Inside a) Priorities in translation b) Audience Design and Needs Analysis c) Methods in translating d) The Procedures e) The Mechanism f) Major Problem(s) in Translation

3. Priorities in Translation Dalam penerjemahan, yang diprioritaskan bukanlah kesejajaran formal (formal correspondence), tetapi kesepadanan (equivalence). Ini berarti yang lebih dipentingkan adalah penyampaian pesannya: apakah pesan itu “sama” (atau lebih “sepadan”) atau tidak. Contoh: a)A white house (MD) b)Sebuah rumah putih (DM)

4. Bagaimana menerjemahkan kata / kalimat berikut ini? c) Probable cause d) Signed, sealed and delivered e) Privately made f) Chapter g) Section

5. Audience Design and Needs Analysis Betul-salahnya (correctness) suatu terjemahan tergantung untuk siapa penerjemahan dibuat. Oleh karena itu, penerjemah yang berpengalaman biasanya melakukan “audience design” yaitu mempelajari siapa pengguna terjemahan kita. Lebih dari itu, penerjemah biasanya harus mengetahui untuk tujuan (purpose) atau untuk keperluan (need) apa terjemahan itu dibuat. Audience design biasanya disertai dengan needs analysis. Dengan demikian, pelaksanaan penerjemahan harus berorientasi kepada klien (client oriented)

6. Methods in Translation The V diagram by Newmark (1988:45) SL EmphasisTL Emphasis Word-for-word Transl Adaptation Literal TranslationFree Translation Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Transl

7. Procedures in Translating 2 Most problematic problems in translation: 1.Kita tidak paham makna kata atau kalimat atau paragraf sehingga tidak memahami pesannya. 2.Kita mengalami kesulitan untuk menerjemahkannya

8. What’s Inside Cultural Equivalence in Translation In all situations under the term “equivalence” there is actually no exact equivalence. No corresponding two words in two different languages ever have identically the same meaning. The problem is not one of finding absolute equivalent but of finding relatively close equivalent. There can be no absolute standard of conformity. It depends only upon how far the cultural and linguistic distance is between the languages.

9. For example, the English word “bread”, in Indonesian ‘roti’. The translation of “daily bread”, however, cannot be rendered as ‘roti harian’, but rather ‘rejeki sehari-hari’, for bread is important food in Western culture, and is usually eaten at breakfast and so can be considered a blessing God gives at the beginning of the day when people begin their jobs. The expression “Give us this day our daily bread” found in the Lord’s Prayer in the Christian Bible has clearly revealed the real meaning of the word bread of the above expression.

10. A dictionary can help to show the lexical meaning of words, but this may be invalid if the socio-cultural background of the word is not understood. Therefore, in order to translate effectively it is necessary to have a vivid and imaginative understanding of the whole language together with a deep and sympathetic vision of the culture and background of the people speaking it.

11. If words are in common use, there is actually no difference in usage between the indigenous and borrowed words, such as piknik (from Dutch) and tamasya; in fact, most speakers will not know that many words are borrowed. It is only a problem of the adequacy of the words as far as their denotative and connotative significance is concerned. If there is an almost exact equivalence in the usage and in the denotation of an indigenous and a borrowed word, one usually finds that the connotative significance of the indigenous word is better, for the indigenous word is probably more firmly rooted in the consciousness of the people than the borrowed one.

12. However, when a word is still restricted in use, meaning that probably the borrowed word has just been introduced and has not yet gained enough time to make its way completely into the speech of the people, it is then preferable to choose the borrowed word to get the right connotation. This is the case with modern scientific terms, and terms for specialized use in trade, sports and military forces. Since Bahasa Indonesia is growing and accepting many kinds of foreign influence in terms of new words, the use of a word, whether indigenous or borrowed, is largely dependent upon the situation to which the word refers.

13. Vinay and Darbelnet and their definition of equivalence in translation equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which 'replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording' (ibid.:342). They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. According to them, equivalence is therefore the ideal method when the translator has to deal with proverbs, idioms, clichés, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopoeia of animal sounds.

14. Roman Jakobson's Study of equivalence gave new impetus to the theoretical analysis of translation since he introduced the notion of 'equivalence in difference'. On the basis of his semiotic approach to language and his aphorism 'there is no signatum without signum' (1959:232), he suggests three kinds of translation: Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase) Interlingual (between two languages) Intersemiotic (between sign systems)

15. Jakobson claims that, in the case of interlingual translation, the translator makes use of synonyms in order to get the ST message across. This means that in interlingual translations there is no full equivalence between code units. According to his theory, 'translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes' (ibid.:233). Jakobson goes on to say that from a grammatical point of view languages may differ from one another to a greater or lesser degree, but this does not mean that a translation cannot be possible, in other words, that the translator may face the problem of not finding a translation equivalent.

16. 'whenever there is deficiency, terminology may be qualified and amplified by loanwords or loan-translations, neologisms or semantic shifts, and finally, by circumlocutions' (ibid.:234). Jakobson provides a number of examples by comparing English and Russian language structures and explains that in such cases where there is no a literal equivalent for a particular ST word or sentence, then it is up to the translator to choose the most suitable way to render it in the TT.

17. Conclusion The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. The term has caused, and it seems quite probable that it will continue to cause, heated debates within the field of translation studies. This term has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of view and has been approached from many different perspectives. The first discussions of the notion of equivalence in translation initiated the further elaboration of the term by contemporary theorists. Even the brief outline of the issue given above indicates its importance within the framework of the theoretical reflection on translation. The difficulty in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of having a universal approach to this notion.