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Chapter 6 Cash and Internal Control

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1 Chapter 6 Cash and Internal Control
Using Financial Accounting Information: The Alternative to Debits and Credits , 6/e by Gary A. Porter and Curtis L. Norton Copyright © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning.

2 Cash Coin and currency Checking, savings, and money market accounts
Undeposited, cashier, and certified checks LO1

3 Cash Equivalents Readily convertible to cash
Original maturity to investor of three months or less Examples: Commercial paper U.S. Treasury bills Certain money market funds

4 Cash Management Necessary to ensure company has neither too little nor too much cash on hand Tools Cash flows statement Bank reconciliations Petty cash funds LO2

5 Bank Statements Cash balance, beginning of period +
= Cash balance, end of period +Deposits +Customer notes and interest collected by bank +Interest earned Canceled checks NSF checks Service charges

6 Bank Reconciliation – Step 1
Trace deposits listed on the bank statement to the books. Identify the deposits in transit. Add to the bank balance. Deposits in transit: Late period deposits not yet reflected on bank statement

7 Example of Reconciliation
Bank Statement Adjustments: Deposits Balance per statement, June $3,308.59 Add: Deposit in transit 1

8 Bank Reconciliation – Step 2
Trace checks cleared by the bank to the books. Identify outstanding checks. Subtract from the bank balance. Outstanding checks: Checks written but not yet presented to bank

9 Example of Reconciliation
Bank Statement Adjustments: Checks Outstanding Balance per statement, June $3,308.59 Add: Deposit in transit Deduct: Outstanding checks: No $ No No (717.84) Adjusted balance, June $3,233.05 1

10 Bank Reconciliation – Step 3
List all other additions (credit memoranda) shown on the bank statement. Add to the book balance. Credit memoranda: Interest earned, customer notes collected, etc.

11 Example of Reconciliation
Cash Account Adjustments: Credit Memoranda Balance per books, June $2,895.82 Add: Customer note collected $500.00 Interest on customer note Interest earned during June Error in recording check 2

12 Bank Reconciliation – Step 4
List all other subtractions (debit memoranda) shown on the bank statement. Subtract from the book balance. Debit memoranda: NSF checks, service charges, etc.

13 Example of Reconciliation
Cash Account Adjustments: Debit Memoranda Balance per books, June $2,895.82 Add: Customer note collected $500.00 Interest on customer note Interest earned during June Error in recording check Deduct: NSF check $245.72 Collection fee on note Service charge for lockbox (282.22) Adjusted balance, June $3,233.05 2

14 Bank Reconciliation – Step 5
Identify errors made by the bank or the company in recording the transactions during the period.

15 Bank Reconciliation – Step 6
Use the information collected in steps 1 through 5 to prepare the bank reconciliation. Bank Reconciliation Balance per bank $$$ : Adjusted balance $$$ Balance per books $$$ Adjusted balances for book and bank must agree

16 Example of Reconciliation
Bank Statement Adjustments Balance per statement, June 30 $3,308.59 Adjusted balance, June $3,233.05 Cash Account Adjustments Balance per books, June $2,895.82 Adjusted balance, June $3,233.05 1

17 Bank Reconciliation Adjusting Entries
Balance per bank $$$ : Adjusted balance $$$ Balance per books $$$ Book adjustments are the basis for adjusting entries

18 Bank Reconciliation Adjusting Entries
A number of adjustments to its records are needed to change the book balance of the cash account To record bank reconciliation adjustments.

19 Petty Cash Journalize establishment of A check is written fund
Disbursement with proper documentation Fund replenished

20 Petty Cash Transactions
Steps in setting up and maintaining a petty cash fund: Write and cash a check for lump sum amount and entrust money to petty cash custodian Make journal entry to record establishment of the fund Make disbursement from fund with proper documentation Periodically replenish fund by writing and cashing check in the amount necessary to bring fund back to original balance Record the replenishment and recognize the expenses

21 Internal Control System
Consists of the policies and procedures necessary to ensure: The safeguarding of an entity’s assets The reliability of its accounting records The accomplishment of its overall objectives LO3

22 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)
Act of Congress intended to bring reform to corporate accountability and stewardship in response to corporate scandals

23 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)
Section 404 requires: Management to state its responsibility to establish and maintain an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting. Assess the effectiveness of its internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting.

24 Internal Control Control Environment Internal Accounting Control
System Internal Control Procedures

25 The Control Environment
Management’s competence and operating style Personnel policies and practices Influence of board of directors

26 The Accounting System Methods and records used to report transactions and maintain financial information Can be manual, fully computerized, or a combination of both Use of journals is an integral part of any system

27 Internal Control Procedures
Independent Review and Appraisal Independent Verification The Design and Use of Business Documents Safeguarding Assets and Records Proper Authorizations Segregation of Duties LO4

28 Proper Authorizations
Authority and responsibility go hand in hand Segregation of Duties Separate physical custody from the accounting for assets

29 Independent Verification
One individual or department acts as a check on the work of another Safeguarding Assets and Records Protect assets and accounting records from loss, theft, unauthorized use, etc.

30 Independent Review and Appraisal
Provide for periodic review and appraisal of the accounting system and the people operating it

31 The Design and Use of Business Documents
Capture all relevant information about a transaction and assist in proper recording and classification. Are properly controlled

32 Limitations on Internal Control
No system is entirely foolproof Employees in collusion can override the best controls Cost vs. benefit tradeoff

33 Computerized Business Documents and Internal Control
Cash receipts should be deposited intact in the bank on a daily basis All cash disbursements should be made by check LO5

34 Control over Cash Receipts
Cash received over the counter (e.g., cash sales) Cash received in the mail (e.g., credit sales)

35 Controls of Cash Received over the Counter
Cash registers Locked-in cash register tape Prenumbered customer receipts Investigate recurring discrepancies

36 Controls over Cash Received in the Mail
Two employees open mail Prelist prepared Monthly customer statements

37 Document Flow for Merchandise
Check Prepared Purchase Requisition Receiving Report Order Invoice Approval

38 End of Chapter 6


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