1. Kinetic Theory 27 April, 2015 Objectives HSW: Use the kinetic theory to explain the different states of matter. Candidates should be able to draw simple diagrams to illustrate the difference between solids, liquids and gases. HSW: AF1 – Thinking Scientifically AF4 – Using investigative approaches Used before in: Will use again in: Lesson 2 – Energy Transformations PLTS: Independent enquirers: support conclusions, using reasoned arguments and evidence. Used before in:Will use again in: Keywords Boiling point, condense, evaporate, freezing point, melt, melting point, sublimation

2. Learning Outcomes: All students should be able to: Describe what happens at melting/freezing and boiling point Label a general cooling curve. Most students should be able to: Use the particle model to explain what is happening at each point on the cooling curve Describe the difference between the temperatures of substances at boiling and evaporation point. Some students should be able to: Explain how evaporation makes a liquid cooler

3. At a cold enough temperature, even substances that are normally gases will become solid. At higher temperatures, solids change to become liquids or gases – as long as they do not catch fire or break down. Water can be a solid, liquid or a gas States of matter and temperature

4. Particles in a solid – animation

5. Particles in a liquid – animation

6. Particles in a gas – animation

7. Each change of state is given a different name: solid liquidgas melting freezing boiling condensing Changes of state sublimation reverse sublimation

8. melting  freezing  solid  liquid boiling  condensing  liquid  gas temperature time solid liquid gas Changes of state – heating curve

9. Changes of state activity

10. Changes of state – cooling curve activity

11. Evaporation occurs when the particles in a liquid escape to form a vapour. Evaporation can occur at any temperature but it occurs most rapidly at a liquid’s boiling point. The particles that escape take some energy from the remaining particles and so the temperature of the liquid falls. What is evaporation? Evaporation is another method of heat transfer.

12. Practical time Practical - Stearic Acid practical – follow method teacher has shown you. (method on next slide) Draw your own cooling curve in your book and label each change of state Now complete a “triangle/arrow summary diagram in books to show all changes of state and Particle diagrams of solids/liquids/gases AF1 – Thinking Scientifically AF4 – Using investigative approaches

13. Method Take a boiling tube of molten wax from the water bath Place in a boiling tube rack Take the temperature of the wax every minute recording the state of matter. Stop when the wax has been solid for 2 minutes with no temperature change Draw a cooling curve from your results

14. Plenary - Sublimation Sublimation, reverse sublimation OR: AB document link on page 127 opens a CLOZE exercise covering the material on page 126-127. There is also an AT presentation with the answers. Youtube video of sublimation of dry ice: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8mDGwf -5x0