1. GC & LC

2. Gas Chromatography-1
Schematic diagram

3. Gas Chromatography-2
Columns : open tubular columns

4. Gas Chromatography-3 m.p.(gas) - s.p.
s.p.: solid（using adsorption）ex: SiO2
column ages: Si-O-H cause tailing peak.
2) s.p.: liquid（GLC, using partition）
a range of polarities (Table 22-1), “like dissolves like”
Decrease thickness of stationary phase leads to
Resolution (H)
tr
Sample capacity

6. Gas Chromatography-4 B) The effects of column polarity on separation
Like dissolves like (a) S.P: nonpolar, b.p. dependent (b) S.P: polar

7. How changing the S.P. can affect separation
Figure 22-4 Resolution of trans fatty acids in hydrogenated food oil improves when the stationary phase is changed from DB-23 to HP-88 (aryl group)
P.484

8. Gas Chromatography-5 C) Common solid s.p. :
a) Porous carbon : larger molecules bind more tightly than small ones, flexible molecules bind more than rigid ones
b) Molecular sieves : inorganic materials with nanometer-size cavities that retain & separate small molecules : H2, O2, N2, CO2, CH4. (Fig. 22-5)
c) Guard column
Collect nonvolatile components that would otherwise be injected into a column and never be eluted.

9. Gas Chromatography-6 packed column vs. open tubular column
higher resolution
lower sample capacity

10. Gas Chromatography-7 Temperature programming
 temp of column   v.p. solute,
  tr
 sharpens peaks
isothermal : constant temp.
temp. programming (gradient) :
raise the column temp. during the separation.

11. Gas Chromatography -8
Figure 22-6 (a) Isothermal and (b) programmed temperature chromatography of linear alkanes through a packed column with a nonpolar stationary phase.

12. Gas Chromatography-9
4. Carrier Gas

13. Gas Chromatography-10 5. Sample Injection
1) gasses, liquids, or solids
 vaporized, not decomposition
2) injection time   bands broader
3) injected by syringe (manual or automatic injection)

14. Gas Chromatography-11
Figure 22-7 Injection port operation for (a) split, (b) splitless, and (c) on-column injection into an open tubular column.

15. -12Gas Chromatography split injection (350℃) (only 0.1-10% sample)
Routine method
concentrated sample
high resolution
dirty samples
could cause thermal decomposition
splitless injection (220℃) (80%)
For quantitative analysis and for analysis of trace components of mixture
solvent trapping (Tsolvent < 40℃) for dilute sample
cold trapping (Tsolute < 150℃) for high-boiling solutes
on-column injection (50℃) (100%)
best for thermally unstable solutes.

16. Gas Chromatography-13 5. Detectors
Qualitative analysis : mass spectrometer, IR
Quantitative analysis : area of a chromatographic peak.

17. Gas Chromatography-14
d) Mass Spectrometric Detection and Selected Reaction Monitoring :
- A mass spectrometer is the single most versatile detector.
- Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC)
- selected ion monitoring (SIM) at on value of m/z
- selected reaction monitoring (SRM) = tandem mass =
MS/MS
- Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)

18. QQQ Mass Spectrometer
Precursor ion (parent ion) vs. Product ions (daughter ion)
Solid phase extraction (SPE)

19. Caffeine as example

20. Caffeine (13C) as an internal standard

21. Liquid Chromatography-1
1. open, gravity-feed column
2. closed column (under high pressure) packed with micron-size particles. (HPLC)
3. stationary phase :
a. adsorption : silica (SiO2xH2O), alumina (Al2O3xH2O),
b. molecular exclusion,
c. ion-exchange, affinity

22. Liquid Chromatography-2
compete with ▲ for binding on s.p.
the more strongly bind to s.p. eluent strength 

23. Liquid Chromatography-3
4. Eluent strength : Table 22.2
The more polar solvent
  eluent strength
  tr
5. Gradient elution : increased the eluent strength during the separation in liquid chromatography.

25. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-1

26. HPLC-2 1. Through a closed column, and needs high pressure.
2. s.p. particles size 
microporous particles of silica
with diameters of um
s.p.  m.p. faster,
i.e. C in van Deemter eqn.
 resolution 

27. HPLC-3

28. HPLC-4 3. Stationary phase
a) Normal-phase chromatography : polar s.p. and less polar solvent. Eluent strength is increased by adding a more polar solvent.
b) Reversed-phase chromatography : low-polarity s.p. and polar solvent. Eluent strength is increased by adding a less polar solvent.

29. HPLC-5 c) Bonded stationary phase. polar vs. nonpolar
d) Optical isomers
D- & L-amino acids
for drug industry
see p.494 for R = polar or nonpolar

30. HPLC-6 d) Optical isomers separation
ex: for ant-inflammatory drug Naproxen

31. HPLC-7 5. Solvents a) Isocratic elution :
elution with single solvent or a constant solvent mixture
b) Gradient elution :
solvent is changed continuously from a weak eluent strength to a strong eluent strength by mixing more and more of a strong solvent to a weak solvent during the chromatography.

32. HPLC-8 Figure 22-20 Isocratic HPLC separation of a mixture of aromatic
compounds at 1.0 mL/min on a
0.46×25 cm Hypersil ODS column
(C18 on 5-μm silica) at ambient
temperature (~22℃)：
benzyl alcohol;
phenol;
3’, 4’-dimethoxyacetopheneone;
benzoin;
ethyl benzoate;
toluene;
2,6-dimethoxytoluene;
o-methoxybiphenyl.
A : KH2PO4(aq)
B: CH3CN(l)

33. HPLC-9 The gradient can be used to resolve all peaks by reducing the
time from 2 h to 38 min.