1. Mobilization of energy Increased cardiovascular tone Suppression of digestion Suppression of growth Suppression of reproduction Enhancement of immune system Sharpening of cognition The Stress-Response

2. Mobilization of energy………………………Fatigue, diabetes, muscle loss Increased cardiovascular tone…………….Hypertension, heart disease Suppression of digestion…………………..Stress ulcers Suppression of growth……………………..Stress dwarfism Suppression of reproduction………………Anovulation, erectile dysfunction Enhancement of immune system…………Immune suppression, accelerated chromosomal aging of immune cells Sharpening of cognition……………………Impaired memory and judgment The consequences of chronic stress

4. Mobilization of energy………………………Fatigue, diabetes, muscle loss Increased cardiovascular tone…………….Hypertension, heart disease Suppression of digestion…………………..Stress ulcers Suppression of growth……………………..Stress dwarfism Suppression of reproduction………………Anovulation, erectile dysfunction Enhancement of immune system…………Immune suppression Sharpening of cognition……………………Impaired memory and judgment The consequences of chronic stress

5. Impaired synaptic plasticity Atrophy of dendritic networks of communication Fewer new neurons Dead neurons! Decreased overall hippocampal volume Stress effects on the hippocampus: the realm of memory

6. Impaired formation and retrieval of long-term memories Result:

7. Effects of stress and GCs on fear and anxiety Increased: -post-shock freezing -consolidation of fear conditioning -cued & contextual fear memory -resistance to fear extinction -anxiety Conrad, Fanselow, Korte, LeDoux, McGaugh, Quirk, Roozendaal, Sandi Effects of stress and GCs on the amygdala Increased: -synaptic excitability -dendritic aborization LeDoux, Vyas, Mitra, Chatterjee

8. More anxiety, faster fear- conditioning, slower habituation Result:

9. Weakened conscious memories; Exaggerated autonomic memories. Combining hippocampal and amygdaloid effects of chronic stress:

10. The effects of chronic stress in the mesolimbic dopamine system Depletion of dopamine Piazza, Maccari, Le Moal

11. Loss of the capacity for pleasure: DEPRESSION Result:

12. The effects of stress in the frontal cortex Decreased connectivity in neural networks by way of fewer dendritic branches and spines Recovery that produces a “different” frontal cortex, cytoarchitecturally Wellman, Radley, Morrison

13. Dumb-Ass decisions that seem really insightful at the time you make them Result:

16. When does predictive information help? Latency until stressor HelpfulImmediate Long in future No time to plan coping strategy The anticipatory anxiety outweighs the advantages

17. Extremely Likely Helpful You already assume it will happen You’re not worrying about it Extremely Unlikely When does predictive information help? Likelihood of stressor

18. When does a sense of control help? Severity of stressor Helpful Mild stressor Disastrous stressor Look how much worse It could have been Look how much better It could have been

22. DOPAMINE SignalWorkReward

23. DOPAMINE SignalWorkReward

24. DOPAMINE 100% ________ 50% --------- SignalWorkReward

27. Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 1 pellet 2 pellets 1 pellet

33. Ishi, last of the Southern Yahi Tribe in California, forced to live in Anthropology Museum at Berkeley