1. Blood pressure & Pulse

2. Blood Pressure The pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure results from two forces. ▫One is created by the heart as it pumps blood into the arteries and through the circulatory system. ▫The other is the force of the arteries as they resist the blood flow  Arterioles have greatest resistance

3. Blood Pressure Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure Measured in mm Hg

4. Systolic Pressure The number on top The pressure inside your blood vessels at the moment your heart beats. Normal > 120 mm Hg

5. Diastolic Pressure The number on the bottom Measures the pressure in your blood vessels between heartbeats, when your heart is resting. Normal >80 mm Hg

6. Measuring Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer – Stethoscope Korotkoff sounds ▫sounds one is listening for when measuring blood pressure ▫detected by listening with a stethoscope placed over the brachial (arm) artery just below a blood pressure cuff (Reference What are Korotkoff Sounds retrieved from http://www.lifeclinic.com/focus/blood/articleView.asp?MessageID=187)

7. Measuring Blood Pressure Procedure ▫Blood Pressure Cuff Inflated ▫Gradually deflated from a pressure high enough to obstruct the artery and stop the blood flowing ▫Listen for Korotkoff sounds  First sound heard-Systolic Pressure  Last sound heard- Diastolic Pressure Difference in Systolic and Diastolic called Pulse Pressure

9. This chart reflects blood pressure categories defined by the American Heart Association. Blood Pressure Category Systolic mm Hg (upper #) Diastolic mm Hg (lower #) Normal less than 120andless than 80 Prehypertension120 – 139or80 – 89 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 1 140 – 159or90 – 99 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 2 160 or higheror100 or higher Hypertensive Crisis (Emergency care needed) Higher than 180orHigher than 110

10. Factors Effecting Blood Pressure Average is 120/80 Factors ▫ Cardiac Output  Volume of blood pumped out ventricles ▫ Blood volume (5 liters for avg adult)  Volume of blood circulating body per minute ▫ Blood Velocity  Speed of blood flow ▫ Peripheral Resistance  Resistance of blood flow

12. Pulse Alternate expansion and recoil of an artery Caused by the intermittent injections of blood from the heart and elasticity of arterial walls Taken from the Radial Artery Pulse: 60-100 bpm

13. Pulse Pulse points (Fig. 19-24) ▫Radial artery ▫Temporal artery ▫Common carotid artery ▫Facial artery ▫Brachial artery ▫Popliteal artery ▫Posterior tibial artery ▫Dorsalis pedis artery

14. Abnormal Heart Rhythms Arrhythmias Tachycardia = rapid heartbeat ( > 100 BPM) Bradycardia = slow heartbeat ( < 60 BPM) Fibrillation = rapid, uncoordinated unsynchronized heart rate. Atria (not serious) Ventricles (deadly)

15. Effects on Heart Rate What sets heart rate? Sympathetic ▫Chiefly Vagus ▫Stimulant ▫Release norepinephrine Parasympathetic ▫Cardiac Verve ▫Inhibitory ▫Release Acetylcholine

16. Heart Sounds Heart Sounds Website