1. Pre-lab 6

2. Items Covered In This Lab
1. Problems : Dilution and Concentration 2. Prescriptions : 1) Castor oil emulsion 2) BaSO4 enema 3) Turpentine oil enema

3. DILUTION AND CONCENTRATOIN (P: 40)
Add 100 ml water
1 gm NaCl
in 200 ml solution
1 gm NaCl
in 100 ml solution
0.5 % 1%
Amount before dilution = Amount after dilution
Q 1 C = Q C 2
N.B Q 1 & Q 2 must have the same units
C1 & C2 must have the same units

4. DILUTION AND CONCENTRATOIN
Example: Aluminium acetate solution contains 5% of aluminium acetate. When 100 ml are diluted to a liter, what will be the diluted solution ?   Answer: Q 1 = 100 ml C 1 = 5%, Q 2 = 1 liter = 1000 ml C 2 = ?? Q1 C1 = Q2 C ml X 5% = 1000 ml X C C2 = 0.5%

5. Dilution of Alcohols and acids
Since there is a volume contraction when alcohol &
water are mixed together
we can not calculate the volume of water needed to dilute alcohol to a desired v/v strength
Strength of official concentrated acids % w/w
Strength of official diluted acids  % w/v
N.B % w/ v = % w/w X specific gravity

6. Example:
How much water should be mixed with 5000 ml of 85% (v/v) alcohol to make 50% (v/v) alcohol ?
Answer:
Q 1 = 5000 ml C 1 = 85% v/v Q 2 = ? C 2 = 50% v/v Q1 C1 = Q2 C ml X % = Q2 X % Q2 = 8500 ml
Therefore ; use 5000 ml of 85% (v/v) alcohol & enough water to make 8500 ml

7. EMULSIONS (P:88)
Two immiscible liquids, e.g. water and oil, one of which is
dispersed as small globules (internal phase) in the other (external
phase) by the aid of emulsifying agent (e.g. gum acacia).
Oil (internal phase)
H2O (external phase)
Emulsifying agent
Water

8. Ratio of primary emulsion (O:W:G)
To prepare acacia emulsion,
A Primary Emulsion must be made first
With fixed ratios of Oil : Water : Gum
Type of oil
Example
Ratio of primary emulsion (O:W:G)
Fixed
Castor oil
Almond oil
Arachis oil
4 : 2 : 1
Mineral
Liquid Paraffin
3 : 2 : 1.5
Volatile
Turpentine oil
Peppermint oil
2 : 2 : 1
Oleo-resin
Male fern Extract
1 : 2 : 1

9. Ricin(Castor) Oil Emulsion (P: 94)Rx
Ricin oil (castor oil) ml
Gum acacia Q.S.
Water ml
Fiat: Hastus
Sig. : statin
Use : Purgative
Calculation :
Castor oil  fixed oil.
 ratio to prepare primary emulsion
Oil : Water : Gum
4 : : 1
 16 ml : 8 ml : 4 gm
Final volume = 80 water+ 16 ml oil = 96 ml

10. 8 ml Water on the otherside
Dry gum Method
Trituration must be:
From the wrist.
In one direction.
In all parts of the morter.
Continueous.
Very Fast.
8 ml Water on the otherside
16 ml
Oil on oneside
In a dry mortar; add gum & grind with pestle
Place gum in a line in the center
Triturate with whipping motion until primary emulsion is formed (white , thick ,cracking sound)
Continue triturating for 2 min. (stabilization)

11. Dry gum Method Wip with a tissue Transfer to a cup measure
adjust volume to 96 ml with water
10ml Water portion-wise
& triturate
10ml Water
Dpwise &
triturate
Wip with
a tissue
Transfer to a cup measure
Primary Emulsion

12. Keep in a Cool Place Shake The Bottle The Draught To be taken at once.
ricin(Castor) Oil Rx
Ricin oil ml
Gum acacia Q.S.
Water ml
Fiat: Hastus
Sig. : statin
Label : White
Keep in a Cool Place
Shake The Bottle
The Draught
To be taken at once.

13. BaSO4 Enema (suspension) (p: 87)Rx
Barium sulphate g
Mucilage of acacia ml
Starch enema ad ml
Fiat: Enema
Use : Roentgenographic examination of lower bowel.
Starch enema (3%) Rx
Starch g
Water to ml
Use : emollient enema as starch coats the mucous membrane & relieve local irritation.

14. Label : Red
Shake The Bottle
The Enema
To be used as directed.

15. Preparation of STARCH ENEMA:
Add starch suspension to boiling water while on flame
COOL
Add 3 g Starch
Starch Suspension
Add 20 ml water
STARCH ENEMA
Stirr
Boil 80 ml water
Boil the mixture on the flame on flame with stirring with glass rod until translucent viscous liquid (2 min)

16. BaSO4 ENEMA Add BaSO4 in mortar & grind with pestleRx
Barium sulphate g
Mucilage of acacia 10 ml
Starch enema ad 50 ml
Fiat: Enema
BaSO4 ENEMA
Add BaSO4 in mortar & grind with pestle
Add Acacia mucilage
Add starch enema till pourable (25 ml)
Continue volume with starch enema to 50 ml.
Transfer to cup measure

17. Turpentine Enema (emulsion) (p: 97)Rx
Turpentine oil ml
Starch enema to ml
Fiat: enema
Mitte : 50 ml
Sig. : m.d.u
X 0.5
2.5 ml
50 ml
Use : anthelmintic for thread worm
Starch enema (3%) Rx
Starch g
Water to ml
Calculation :
F= 50/ 100 = 0.5

18. Label : Red
Shake The Bottle
The Enema
To be used as directed.

19. As previously mentioned
Preparation of Starch Enema:
As previously mentioned

20. Preparation:
1-in a colorless 200 ml bottle put 47.5 ml cool starch enema (as turpentine oil is volatile)
2- Add 2.5 ml turpentine oil dropwise & shake vigorously after each addition
 White viscous liquid that leaves film on the wall of the bottle (when inverted upside down)

21. Thank you