1. Fire & Explosion Risk Assessment
Roslinormansyah
EHS Manager PT. Alstom Power ESI

2. Outline of Lecture Understanding Fire and Explosion
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazard
Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control

3. Understanding Fire and Explosion

4. Understanding Fire and Explosion
History of Fire and Explosion Incident
Carbide Industries,
Fire & Explosion
March , 2011

5. Understanding Fire and Explosion
History of Fire and Explosion Incident
Kleen Energy, Explosion
June, 2009

6. (source : Guidelines CPQRA, AIChE, 2000)
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Definition
Fire : A slow combustion that significant without
overpressure
Explosion : A release of energy that causes a blast
Flammability Limit : The minimum (lower,LFL) and
maximum concentration of combustible vapor in air that will propagate a flame
(source : Guidelines CPQRA, AIChE, 2000)

7. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Basic Philosophy

8. Flammability Limits range
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Philosophy of FERA
Objective of FERA
Flammability Limits range

9. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Flammability Limits (FL)
Flammability Limits (FL) = ƒ (suhu, tekanan, inert gas)

10. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Philosophy of Combustion
Combusation = ƒ (FL, Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE), Surface Area)

11. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Fire occurance step
Jet Fire
Flash Fire
Pool Fire
Fireball

12. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Explosion occurance step
Explosion
Physical Explosion
Chemical Explosion
Overpressure
BLEVE - Fireball
RPT
UVCE/CVE
Runway reaction

13. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Physical Properties Key Factor of Flammable
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Flash Point
Autoignition
Enthalphy of Combustion (ΔHc)
MIE
Density
Conductivity of material
Size of material

14. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Environmental Properties Key Factor of Fire /Explosion
Operational Parameter (Pressure, Flowrate, Temp, etc)
Lay-out of unit process/equipment
Installation (congested, confined, etc)
Source of heat (open fire, conductive heat, static electric, etc)
Meteorogical condition (Wind speed, direction, etc)
Leakage dimension (bore, rupture, hole, etc)

15. Understanding Fire and Explosion
Impact of Fire & Explosion
Breakage the molecular bond
Heat Flux / Heat Radition
Poisonous Gas
Blast Wave/Shock Wave
Debris trajectory/projectile

16. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazard

17. Overall Risk Assessment Process
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Overall Risk Assessment Process

18. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Detail Risk Assessment Process

19. Potential Accident Scenario
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Scenario Development
Screening Method
Credible Scenario
Potential Accident Scenario

20. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Scenario Development
– Merupakan “critical step”
dalam FERA
Key word : Loss of Containment
Tool yang umum dipergunakan
What-If
HAZOPs
FMEA
Incident Analysis
Tie-Bow Analysis

21. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Screening Method
– Mencari scenario yang memiliki tingkat “rangking/index” yang
besar
Umumnya berbagai scenario tersebut dibandingkan
Metode yang umumnya dipergunakan :
Kualitatif : Risk Rating, Expert Adviser
Semi-kuantitatif : TNO-Purple Book Method, DFEI, DCEI
AHP (expert judgement), SWeHI, MaxCred Method

22. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Credible Scenario
Merupakan scenario yang akan dianalisis lebih lanjut tingkat
“consequences” dan “probability”-nya
Merupakan model yang memiliki tingkat “kemiripan” yang tinggi bila terjadi accident
Tidak menggambarkan secara keseluruhan (each system has particular credible scenario)

23. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 2 – Determination of frequency and consequences
Frequency
Menggambarkan tingkat “failure” setiap peralatan yang terlibat dalam Credible Scenario
Memiliki satuan (……../waktu)

24. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 2 – Determination of frequency and consequences
Frequency
Fault Tree Analysis

25. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Frequency
Event Tree Analysis

26. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Frequency

27. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences

28. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences

29. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
TNT Method
BST Method
TNO Method

30. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
TNT Method

31. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
TNO Method

32. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
BST Method

33. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Fire Ball Effect
Jet Fire Effect
Pool Fire Effect

34. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Fire Ball Effect

35. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Pool Fire Effect

36. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Jet Fire Effect

37. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Explosion Frequency

38. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Fire Ball Frequency

39. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Pool Fire Frequency

40. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Individual Risk Calculation

41. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Societal Risk Calculation

42. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Risk Criteria

43. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment Result

44. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control

45. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Startegy Prevention and Mitigation
Prevention Barrier
Mitigation Barrier

46. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Prevention Barrier
Inherently Safe Practice Principles
Minimize: Reducing the amount of hazardous material present at any one time
Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less hazard
Moderate: Reducing the strength of an effect
Simplify: Designing out problems rather than adding additional equipment or features to deal with them
Engineering consideration
Hazardous Area Zone Classification (IEC/EN 60079, NFPA 479, API 500)
Heating Venting Air Circulation (HVAC) system
Electric Static Discharge (ESD) system
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) Design
Emergency Shut Down Valve (ESDV) System
Lay-out facility (lokasi, jarak, dll)
Mechanical Protection (Material, Coating, dll)
Inerting System

47. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Prevention Barrier
Operation Consideration
Preventive Maintenance Program (inspeksi rutin, testing peralatan, dll)
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) (operating parameter controlling, alarm system, dll)
Housekeeping
Kompetensi Personel
Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Pengendalian Kerugian (Manajemen resiko)
Permit System
Storage and handling management system
Cooling system (Deluge water system, vessel cooling system, dll)
Accident Investigation and Lesson Learned
Electrical Connection System (Lighting Protection, Grounding, dll)

48. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Mitigation Barrier
Engineering Consideration
Hydrant & Sprinkle System
Purging system (PSV, Rupture Disc, Flare System, dll)
Dikes Network
Water Curtain System
CO2/Inert Gas Suppression System
Blast-Wall

49. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Mitigation Barrier
Operation Consideration
Fire Extinghuisers (APAR)
Foam system
Emergency Response Plan (assembly area)
Personal Protective Equipment (APD)
Community Emergency Response

50. Question ?