1. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Design and realization of a radon chamber as a secondary standard A. Compagno, A. Parlato, S. Rizzo, E.Tomarchio Nuclear Engineering Department, Palermo University Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, I-90128 Palermo, ITALY Coimbra (Portugal), June 7, 2010

2. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Introduction Radon gas is an environmental source of contamination, present in human living environments, with problems for human health. Radon is considered the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking tobacco. Many homes (or workplaces) contain radon concentrations that are high enough to give their occupants lifetime exposures that could increase their risk of developing lung cancer.

3. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Introduction It should be stressed that the current actions to mitigate the radon concentration indoors (typically local ventilation) are in contrast with the actions for energy saving in buildings. Hence the need to characterize building materials in terms of an emanation/permeation to radon, selecting those that represent the best barriers for this gas.

4. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Introduction Radioactive series Radon is a radioactive noble gas that comes from the decay of radium in the soil. Radium is also a daughter or progeny nuclide of uranium. Radon is a colorless, odorless, invisible gas that can only be detected through the use of proper equipment and protocols.

5. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Introduction The air concentration of radon should be limited also in consideration of recent indications regarding a limit of 100 Bq m -3 and an increase of conversion ratio between air concentration and effective dose : C= 300 Bq m -3 correspond to E=10 mSv y -1 ” WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective ” The actual regulation limits are : National Laws : < 500 Bq/m 3 (workplaces); 90/143/Euratom : Old building concentration < 400 Bq/m 3 New building < 200 Bq/m 3

6. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Introduction To measure the concentration of radon gas in indoor environments (homes or workplaces) we need tools calibrated with reference to a primary standard. Since it is not easy to have a primary standard, is a useful a secondary standard in which radon concentration is measured by an instrument whose calibration is performed at a primary standard center.

7. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Introduction In this work we describe the design and the realization of a radon chamber to perform calibration of radon (or radon daughters) detectors. Other goals is :  Research about the influence of the environmental parameters on the detectors like temperature, pressure, humidity;  Measurement of gas emanation rate from varios materials (soils, building materials, …)

8. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Characteristics:  Volume: Most chambers have volume <1 m 3,

9. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Characteristics:  Large volume ; few chambers have been built with large volumes (one or more rooms) also to calibrate the activated carbon canisters.  Material not permeable to the Radon; Stainless steel is preferable with respect to more common plexiglas;  Airtightness;

10. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Characteristics:  Uniformity of radon concentration; Also with more instruments to be calibrated inside  Stability of environmental parameters To test instruments with different climate conditions in the range : temperature range: -10°C +50°C pressure range : 600 - 1200mbar humidity range : 5 - 95%  Easy decontamination;

11. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal External source: (short-term calibration)  source: Ra-226 activity (8000 Bq)  volume of chamber : 400 l  concentration : 20.000 Bq/m 3

12. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal External source To be acquired: 226 Ra solid source (activity: 8000 Bq) furnished by Pylon

13. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Design specification of the chamber:  Air volume : 0.4 m 3  Cylinder shape (to avoid uneven distribution of gas inside)  stainless steel (i.e. AISI 304)  two lids of 60 cm diameter and 8 bolts that secure the lids on the chamber at a sealing O-RING  Dimensions: 60 cm in diameter, 129.5 cm in lenght  thickness : 4 mm  perforated aluminum platforms (supported by small cylindrical supports, to improve gas recirculation)  hermetic electrical connectors to transmit data between internal instruments and external computer (USB)  Swagelok quick-connects to minimizes spillage and air inclusion.

14. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Design specification of the chamber SPECIAL VALVE SPECIAL CONNECTOR With this connector it is possible to provide electronic signals inside and outside the chamber without escape of radon gas

15. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Design specification of the chamber The special valves and data transmission allows us to put inside the chamber also the circulating pump. This avoids possible leakage of radon gas because of no-sealing of the pump. NO YES chamber p=pump s=source

16. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Design specification of the chamber: temperature control Temperature control is achieved by means of a circulation of water at controlled temperature in a copper pipe of 1 cm outer diameter and 0.1 cm thick wrapped around the chamber with a helical pitch 5 cm. It will all be covered with appropriate insulating material.

17. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal

18. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Radon chamber

19. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Radon chamber (FRONT)

20. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Radon Chamber (inside)

21. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Radon chamber (during preliminary tests)

22. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Radon chamber

23. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Detectors AlphaGuard MR1 Rad 7 LR115 E-PERMs CR39

24. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Circuit of air conditioning: De-humidification

25. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Circuit of air conditioning : humidification

26. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Circuit of air conditioning : de-pressurization

27. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Circuit of air conditioning : pressurization

28. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Circuit of air conditioning : recycle

29. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Circuit of air conditioning : washing by pass

30. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal low pressure over time preliminary tests

31. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal high pressure over time preliminary tests

32. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Response variation with pressure : Tests performed at ENEA by one of the authors and verified with the new chamber Pressure (mbar) MR1 Factor ALPHAGUARD Factor 100011 97511.024 9500.9781.038 8900.9641.096

33. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal In progress At this moment, further experiments are carried out:  Uniformity of radon concentration, by means of an external radon gas source and a circulating circuit with an external pump and E-PERM detectors;  Calibration of climate condition regulation apparatus ;  Emanation rate of lava rocks coming from different sites;  ……………..

34. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIN DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA NUCLEARE CHERNE 2010 - 6th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Protection - 7-9 June 2010 – University of Coimbra – Coimbra, Portugal Obrigado pela atenção Thank you for attention Coimbra (Portugal), June 7, 2010