1. And GPS COMPASS AND PACING

2. THE COMPASS

3. I WANT TO GO NW First rotate the dial until it points the way you want to go Then rotate your body until the north arrow points north Walk in the direction of the arrow

4. AZIMUTHS AND BEARINGS

5. COMPASSES AND MAPS

6. COMPASS APP

7. MAGNETIC DECLINATION The declination is given as e.g. "15 degrees east". When you look at the figure, you can pretend that plus is to the right, or east, and minus is to the left and west. So when something is more than zero you'll subtract to get it back to zero. And if it is less, you'll add. So in this case you'll subtract 15 degrees to the azimuth, by turning the compass housing, according to the numbers on the housing.

8. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Compasses work underground unlike GPS Local magnetic sources can cause errors Can take a ‘backsight’ on where you came from to confirm that it is 180 degrees off the traveled azimuth. Compass and Pacing is a conclave competition.

9. PACING 1 pace equals the natural stride of both legs starting and ending with the same foot. Can and should practice often – get consistent. Recognize that is varies by slope, must compensate.

10.  In 1620, the clergyman Edmund Gunter developed a method of surveying land accurately with low technology equipment, this was 66 feet long and from the practice of using his chain, the word transferred to the actual measured unit. His chain had 100 links, and the link is used as a subdivision of the chain as a unit of length.Edmund Gunterlinks  In countries influenced by English practice, land plans prepared before about 1960 associated with the sale of land usually have lengths marked in chains and links, and the areas of land parcels are indicated in acres. A rectangle of land one furlong (10 chains) in length and one chain in width has an area of one acre.acresfurlong  It is sometimes suggested that this was a medieval parcel of land capable of being worked by one man and supporting one family. GUNTER’S CHAIN

12. CHAINS Conversions: 1 chain (1 ch) = 66 ft (100 links) 4 poles or rods = 1 chain 1 tally = 5 chains = 330 ft 20 chains = ¼ mile 80 chains = 1 mile 1 acre = 43560 square feet 640 acres = 1 section (square mile) 36 sections = 1 township 1 acre = 10 square chains 40 acres = 20 chains x 20 chains 1 section = 80 chains x 80 chains

13. ‘THROWING’ THE CHAIN

14. HIPCHAIN

15.  Metes = distance to ‘turn’ of boundary  Bounds = direction  Historically the original 13 colonies and their derivative states (from the British surveying)  Problems:  Described boundary points often change  Doesn’t work well in homogenous landscapes  Corrected for declination?  Year surveyed? METES AND BOUNDS DEED SURVEYS

16. PUBLIC LAND SURVEY SYSTEM

17. dimensions (miles)(mile 2 ) area (acres)(m 2 )(km 2 ) notes Quadrangle24 by 24576368,6401,492 Usually 16 townships Township6 by 63623,04093 Usually 36 sections Section1 by 116402.6 Half-section1 by 1 ⁄ 2 1⁄21⁄2 3201,294,9941.3 Quarter-section 1 ⁄ 2 by 1 ⁄ 2 1⁄41⁄4 160647,497 Half of quarter-section 1 ⁄ 2 by 1 ⁄ 4 1⁄81⁄8 80323,749 Quarter of quarter-section 1 ⁄ 4 by 1 ⁄ 4 1 ⁄ 16 40161,874 PLSS TERMS

18.  Antenna  Receiver  Base map  Record tracks, waypoints, distance GPS

19.  Global  Positioning  System

20.  Department of Defense developed for navigation  Standard positioning service (public uses)  Precise positioning service  Launches began in 1970s  Full operational capability in mid 1990s  ‘Selective Availability’ turned off 2000  Degraded accuracy to ~100m

21.  Space segment – (satellite life = 10 years)  Several generations of satellites in use now  Control segment  User segment

22.  24 satellites with spares in 6 orbital planes (4 in each)  ~12,500 miles elevation  55 degree inclination  Each one circles Earth every 12 hours (7000 mph)  At least 4 visible at every point on the earth at all times

23.  Master Control Station (MCS) in Colorado  5 Monitoring stations  Ground control stations (Ground Antennas)  Unmanned  Enable MCS to control the satellites

24.  Antenna  Receiver  Base map  Record tracks, waypoints, distance

25.  Triangulation Triangulation  Need D+1 satellites to determine position = 2D needs 3 satellites, etc

26.  Dual frequency mode of more advanced receivers corrects

27. Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) – the higher the value, the poorer the measurement (very good = 6)

29.  Recreation grade = ~8m  Mapping grade = <1m  Survey grade = several cm  Accuracy versus Precision  Accurate measurement versus true location  Precise measurements close to each other

31.  Most GPS in cell phones do not use satellites.  They triangulate via cell towers whose locations are precisely known.  The signal is not line-of-sight so they can work indoors.  Does not work where limited cell service exists (like many forests).  Accuracy varies (< 10 m to ~100 m).

32.  Compass and Pacing  Map with dot grid  Cut and weigh method  GPS  ArcGIS or similar mapping software AREA DETERMINATION