1. Gases: Their Properties and Behavior
Chapter 9
Gases: Their Properties and Behavior

2. Properties of Gases There are 5 important properties of gases:
Confined gases exerts pressure on the wall of a container uniformly
Gases have low densities
Gases can be compressed
Gases can expand to fill their contained uniformly
Gases mix completely with other gases in the same container
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3. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases is the model used to explain the behavior of gases in nature.
This theory presents physical properties of gases in terms of the motion of individual molecules:
Average Kinetic Energy  Kelvin Temperature
Gas molecules are points separated by a great distance
Particle volume is negligible compared to gas volume
Gas molecules are in rapid random motion
Gas collisions are perfectly elastic
Gas molecules experience no attraction or repulsion
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4. Properties that Describe a Gas
These properties are all related to one another.
When one variable changes, it causes the other three to react in a predictable manner.
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5. Gas Pressure (P)
Gas pressure (P) is the result of constantly moving gas molecules striking the inside surface of their container.
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6. What happens to the atmospheric pressure as you go up in elevation?
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air on the earth.
Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer in 1643 to measure atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury or 1 atmosphere (atm) at sea level.
What happens to the atmospheric pressure as you go up in elevation?
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7. Measurement of Gas Pressure
Traditionally, the gas pressure inside of a container is measured with a manometer
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8. Units of Pressure
Standard pressure is the atmospheric pressure at sea level, 760 mm of mercury.
Here is standard pressure expressed in other units:
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9. Gas Pressure Conversions
The barometric pressure is torr. What is the barometric pressure in atmospheres? In mm Hg? In Pascals (Pa)?
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10. Gas Law Problems
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11. Boyle’s Law (V and P) 1 . P  V P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at constant temperature.
Mathematically, we write:
For a before and after situation:
P 
1 . V
P1V1 = P2V2
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12. Boyle’s Law Problem P1 V1 rearranges to = P2 V2 (1650 mm Hg )(1.50 L)
A 1.50 L sample of methane gas exerts a pressure of 1650 mm Hg. What is the final pressure if the volume changes to 7.00 L?
P1V1 = P2V2
rearranges to
P1 V1 V2
= P2
(1650 mm Hg )(1.50 L)
= 354 mm Hg
7.00 L
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13. Charles’ Law (V and T) T  V V1 T1 V2 T2 =
In 1783, Jacques Charles discovered (while hot air ballooning) that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin.
Mathematically, we write:
For a before and after situation:
T  V V1 T1 V2 T2 =
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14. Charles’ Law Problem V1 T1 V2 T2 V1 T2 = rearranges to = V2 T1
A 275 L helium balloon is heated from 20C to 40C. What is the final volume at constant P? V1 T1 V2 T2
V1 T2 =
rearranges to
= V2 T1
(275 L)(313 K)
293 K
= 294 L
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15. Gay-Lussac’s Law (P and T)
In 1802, Joseph Gay-Lussac discovered that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin.
Mathematically, we write:
For a before and after situation:
T  P P1 T1 P2 T2 =
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16. Gay-Lussac’s Law Problem
A steel container of nitrous oxide at 15.0 atm is cooled from 25C to –40C. What is the final volume at constant V? P1 T1 P2 T2 =
P1 T2
rearranges to
= P2 T1
(15.0 atm)(298 K)
= 11.7 atm
233 K
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17. Avogadro’s Law (n and V)
In the previous laws, the amount of gas was always constant.
However, the amount of a gas (n) is directly proportional to the volume of the gas, meaning that as the amount of gas increases, so does the volume.
Mathematically, we write:
For a before and after situation:
n  V V1 n1 V2 n2 =
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18. Avogadro’s Law Problem
A steel container contains 2.6 mol of nitrous oxide with a volume 15.0 L. If the amount of nitrous oxide is increased to 8.4 mol, what is the final volume at constant T and P? V1 n1 V2 n2 =
V1 n2
rearranges to
= V2 n1
(15.0 L)(8.4 mol)
= 48.5 L
2.6 mol
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19. Combined Gas Law P1V1 T1 P2V2 T2 =
When we introduced Boyle’s, Charles’, and Gay-Lussac’s Laws, we assumed that one of the variables remained constant.
Experimentally, all three (temperature, pressure, and volume) usually change.
By combining all three laws, we obtain the combined gas law:
P1V1 T1
P2V2 T2 =
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20. Combined Gas Law Problem
Oxygen gas is normally sold in 49.0 L steel containers at a pressure of atm. What volume would the gas occupy if the pressure was reduced to 1.02 atm and the temperature raised from 20oC to 35oC?
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21. Molar Volume and STP 1 mole Gas = 22.4 L
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are defined as 0C and 1 atm.
At standard temperature and pressure, one mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L.
The volume occupied by one mole of gas (22.4 L) is called the molar volume.
1 mole Gas = 22.4 L
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22. Molar Volume Calculation – Volume to Moles
A sample of methane, CH4, occupies 4.50 L at STP. How many moles of methane are present?
Volume
Molar
Moles
4.50 L CH4 ×
= mol CH4
1 mol CH4
22.4 L CH4
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23. Mole Unit Factors 1 mol = 6.02 × 1023 particles 1 mol = molar mass
We now have three interpretations for the mole:
1 mol = 6.02 × 1023 particles
1 mol = molar mass
1 mol = 22.4 L (at STP for a gas)
This gives us 3 unit factors to use to convert between moles, particles, mass, and volume.
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24. Mole Calculation - Grams to Volume
What is the mass of 3.36 L of ozone gas, O3, at STP?
Grams
Molar
Mass
Moles
Volume
= 7.20 g O3
3.36 L O3 × ×
22.4 L O3
1 mol O3
48.00 g O3
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25. Mole Calculation – Molecules to Volume
How many molecules of hydrogen gas, H2, occupy L at STP?
Volume
Molar
Moles
Avogadro’s
Number
Atoms
0.500 L H2 ×
1 mol H2
22.4 L H2
6.02×1023 molecules H2
1 mole H2 ×
1.34 × 1022 molecules H2
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26. Gas Density and Molar Mass
The density of a gas is much less than that of a liquid.
We can calculate the density of any gas at STP easily.
You can rearrange this equation to find the Molar mass of an unknown gas too!
molar mass in grams (MM)
= density, g/L
molar volume in liters (MV)
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27. Calculating Gas Density
What is the density of ammonia gas, NH3, at STP?
1.96 g of an unknown gas occupies 1.00 L at STP. What is the molar mass?
= g/L
17.04 g/mol
22.4 L/mol
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28. The Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT 0.0821 atmL/molK
When working in the lab, you will not always be at STP.
The four properties used in the measurement of a gas (Pressure, Volume, Temperature and moles) can be combined into a single gas law:
Here, R is the ideal gas constant and has a value of:
Note the units of R. When working problems with the Ideal Gas Law, your units of P, V, T and n must match those in the constant!
PV = nRT
atmL/molK
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29. Ideal Gas Law Problem
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at 69.5°C.
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30. Ideal Gas Law and Molar Mass
Density and Molar Mass Calculations:
You can calculate the density or molar mass (M) of a gas.
The density of a gas is usually very low under atmospheric conditions.
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31. Ideal Gas Law and Molar Mass
What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of g/L–1 at STP?
What is the density of uranium hexafluoride, UF6, (MM = 352 g/mol) under conditions of STP?
The density of a gaseous compound is 3.38 g/L–1 at 40°C and 1.97 atm. What is its molar mass?
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32. Gases in Chemical Reactions
Gases are involved as reactants and/or products in numerous chemical reactions.
Typically, the information given for a gas in a reaction is its Pressure (P), volume (V) (or amount of the gas (n)) and temperature (T).
We use this information and the Ideal Gas Law to determine the moles of the gas (n) or the volume of the gas (V).
Once we have this information, we can proceed with the problem as we would any other stoichiometry problem.
A (g) + X (s) → B (s) + Y (l)
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33. Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
Reaction with a Gas
Hydrogen gas is formed when zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid. How many liters of hydrogen gas at STP are produced when 15.8 g of zinc reacts?
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
Grams of Zn
Moles of Zn
Moles of Hh
Liters of H2
Molar
Mass of Zn
Volume
Mole
Ratio
Can use because at STP!
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34. Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
Reaction with a Gas
Hydrogen gas is formed when zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid. How many liters of hydrogen gas at a pressure of 755 atm and 35°C are produced when 15.8 g of zinc reacts?
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
Grams of Zn
Moles of Zn
Moles of Hh
Liters of H2
Molar
Mass of Zn
Ideal Gas
Law
Mole
Ratio
Use because not at STP!
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35. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
In a mixture of gases the total pressure, Ptot, is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases:
Dalton’s law allows us to work with mixtures of gases.
Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + etc.
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36. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
For a two-component system, the moles of components A and B can be represented by the mole fractions (XA and XB).
What is the mole fraction of each component in a mixture of g of H2, g of N2, and 2.38 g of NH3? n n X = A X = B X + X = 1 A n + n B n + n A B A B A B
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37. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Mole fraction is related to the total pressure by:
On a humid day in summer, the mole fraction of gaseous H2O (water vapor) in the air at 25°C can be as high as Assuming a total pressure of atm, what is the partial pressure (in atm) of H2O in the air?
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38. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Exactly 2.0 moles of Ne and 3.0 moles of Ar were placed in a 40.0 L container at 25°C. What are the partial pressures of each gas and the total pressure?
A sample of natural gas contains 6.25 moles of methane (CH4), moles of ethane (C2H6), and moles of propane (C3H8). If the total pressure of the gas is 1.50 atm, what are the partial pressures of the gases?
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39. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases is the model used to explain the behavior of gases in nature.
This theory presents physical properties of gases in terms of the motion of individual molecules.
Average Kinetic Energy  Kelvin Temperature
Gas molecules are points separated by a great distance
Particle volume is negligible compared to gas volume
Gas molecules are in rapid random motion
Gas collisions are perfectly elastic
Gas molecules experience no attraction or repulsion
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40. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
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41. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Average Kinetic Energy (KE) is given by:
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42. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
The Root–Mean–Square Speed (uRMS): is a measure of the average molecular speed of a particle of gas.
Taking square root of both sides gives the equation
R = J/mol K
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43. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Calculate the root–mean–square speeds (uRMS) of helium atoms and nitrogen molecules in m/s at 25°C.
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44. Graham’s Law: Diffusion and Effusion
Diffusion is the mixing of different gases by random molecular motion and collision.
Effusion is when gas molecules escape without collision, through a tiny hole into a vacuum.
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45. Graham’s Law: Diffusion and Effusion
Graham’s Law: The rate of effusion is proportional to its RMS speed (uRMS).
For two gases at same temperature and pressure:
Rate 
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46. Graham’s Law: Diffusion and Effusion
Under the same conditions, an unknown gas diffuses times as fast as sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 (MM = 146 g/mol). What is the identity of the unknown gas if it is also a hexafluoride?
What are the relative rates of diffusion of the three naturally occurring isotopes of neon: 20Ne, 21Ne, and 22Ne?
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47. Behavior of Real Gases
Deviations from Ideal behavior result from two key assumptions about ideal gases.
Molecules in gaseous state do not exert any force, either attractive or repulsive, on one another.
Volume of the molecules is negligibly small compared with that of the container.
These assumptions breakdown at high pressures, low volumes and low temperatures.
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48. Behavior of Real Gases VReal > VIdeal
At STP, the volume occupied by a single molecule is very small relative to its share of the total volume
For example, a He atom (radius = 31 pm) has roughly the same space to move about as a pea in a basketball
Let’s say we increase the pressure of the system to 1000 atm, this will cause a decrease in the volume the gas has to move about in
Now our He atom is like a pea in a ping pong ball
Therefore, at high pressures, the volume occupied by the gaseous molecules is NOT negligible and must be considered.
So the space the gas has to move around in is less than under Ideal conditions!
VReal > VIdeal
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49. Behavior of Real Gases PReal < PIdeal
At low volumes, particles are much closer together and attractive forces become more important than at high volumes.
This increase in intermolecular attractions pulls the molecules away from the walls of the containers, meaning that they do not hit the wall with as great a force, so the pressure is lower than under ideal conditions.
PReal < PIdeal
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50. Behavior of Real Gases PReal < PIdeal
A similar phenomenon is seen at low temperatures (aka. The Flirting Effect)
As molecules slow down, they have more time to interact therefore increasing the effect of intermolecular forces.
Again, this increase in intermolecular attractions pulls the molecules away from the walls of the containers, meaning that they do not hit the wall with as great a force, so the pressure is lower than under ideal conditions.
PReal < PIdeal
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51. Behavior of Real Gases
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52. Behavior of Real Gases
Corrections for non-ideality require the van der Waals equation.
Correction for Intermolecular Attractions
Correction for
Molecular Volume
VReal > VIdeal
PReal < PIdeal
n = moles of gas
a and b are constants given in the problem
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53. Behavior of Real Gases
Given that 3.50 moles of NH3 occupy 5.20 L at 47°C, calculate the pressure of the gas (in atm) using:
(a) the ideal gas equation
(b) the van der Waals equation. (a = 4.17, b = )
Calculate the pressure exerted by 4.37 moles of molecular chlorine confined in a volume of 2.45 L at 38°C. Compare the pressure with that calculated using the ideal gas equation. (a = 6.49 and b = )
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