1. HANDLING HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDERS*
07/16/96
HANDLING HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDERS *

2. *
07/16/96
Sources
T. Joiner (ed.) NOAA Diving Manual - Diving for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. Best Publishing Company, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Bill High, notes from PSI Cylinder Inspection Course
US Code of Federal Regulations Title 49: *

3. *
07/16/96
Goal of This Training
To increase your safety and the safety of those around you by familiarizing you with the policies and proper procedures for handling and filling cylinders containing high pressure gas *

4. Objectives After completing this training module you will be able to:*
07/16/96
Objectives
After completing this training module you will be able to:
Identify the regulating bodies regulating hazardous materials training for handling high pressure cylinders and explain the regulations as they pertain to scientific diving
Define a high pressure cylinder as it relates to diving *

5. Objectives After completing this training module you will be able to:*
07/16/96
Objectives
After completing this training module you will be able to:
Identify and explain cylinder markings for steel and aluminum scuba cylinders
List 25 safe handling procedures for high pressure cylinders
Define the parts of a fill station and list procedures for filling high pressure cylinders common to all fill stations *

6. *
07/16/96
Regulation
In the US:
The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates transport of high pressure cylinders
The Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates safety in the workplace *

7. *
07/16/96
Regulation
The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR Title 49: ) mandates employees of companies involved in commerce who handle compressed gas cylinders to receive appropriate safety training.
A new hire should receive this training within 90 days of hiring
Training should be repeated every three years *

8. *
07/16/96
Regulation
Discussions with US DOT have determined that most organizations involved in scientific diving are not involved in commerce and are exempt from the three year retraining updates
Local regulations or standards may re-impose this requirement *

9. *
07/16/96
Regulation
AAUS and NOAA scientific diving standards require all scientific divers to receive hazardous materials training for handling high pressure cylinders *

10. High Pressure Cylinders
The capacity of a cylinder is the amount of gas at surface pressure that can be compressed into the cylinder at its rated pressure
This capacity is usually expressed in standard cubic feet or standard liters of gas
Cylinders with capacities from 26 standard cubic feet to over 100 standard cubic feet are used in scuba diving

11. High Pressure Cylinders
Scuba cylinders are generally made of steel or aluminum
Cylinders used in diving fill to working pressures ranging from 1,800 to 3,500 psi (124 to 241 bar) or greater

12. Image courtesy Best Publishing
Cylinder Markings
Data describing the cylinder must be clearly stamped on the shoulder of the cylinder
Image courtesy Best Publishing

13. Cylinder Markings
The precise manufacturing specifications of cylinders have been dictated by:
The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) until 1970
The Department of Transportation (DOT) after 1970
The TC/DOT (Transport Canada and DOT) most recently dictates specifications for aluminum cylinders

14. Steel Cylinder Markings
Image courtesy Best Publishing

15. Steel Cylinder Markings*
07/16/96
Steel Cylinder Markings
DOT (Department of Transportation – may also read ICC if cylinder predates 1970)
3AA (indicates steel construction)
Service pressure
Serial number
Cylinder manufacturer’s symbol
Hydrostatic test date *

16. Aluminum Cylinder Markings
Image courtesy Best Publishing

17. Aluminum Cylinder Markings*
07/16/96
Aluminum Cylinder Markings
DOT (or ICC)
3AL (indicates aluminum construction)
Service pressure
Serial number
Service volume
Manufacturer
Hydrostatic test date *

18. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Treat all cylinders designed to hold high pressure gas with respect
Do not drop cylinders *

19. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Wear shoes when working around cylinders
Have a clear path to avoid tripping or knocking over cylinders or other equipment *

20. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Cylinders are heavy and awkward; use proper lifting techniques and dollies to minimize the risk of personal injury *

21. Safe Handling Procedures*
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Safe Handling Procedures
Handle charged cylinders carefully – handling by the valve or body is preferred
handling by straps or backpack may allow the cylinder to slip or drop
Cylinders should be stored at temperatures not to exceed 130o F (54 C) *

22. Safe Handling Procedures
Store charged cylinders in an upright position in a cool shady place and away from flammable materials
Secure cylinders properly to prevent falling or rolling
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers

23. Safe Handling Procedures
While in transit, cylinders should be secured from rolling
Preferably in a rack in the upright position
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers

24. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Open cylinder valves slowly
Do not put your body in the gas stream
High pressure can force gas through the skin and into the body; bubbles in the circulatory system could result in an embolism
Injuries of this nature are not uncommon, so please keep out of harms way *

25. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Cylinders that appear to be damaged by fire or physical abuse should be removed from service *

26. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Scuba cylinders should receive a visual inspection by a qualified inspector annually
A cylinder with signs of damage or that has been totally emptied, should receive a visual inspection before being put back in service *

27. Safe Handling Procedures
Internal inspections, hydrostatic tests, and repair work should be performed only by trained technicians
Image courtesy PSI

28. Safe Handling Procedures
Remove cylinder boot frequently to inspect for corrosion
Boots that inhibit rapid draining and drying should not be used because they allow water to remain in contact with the cylinder, forming corrosion

29. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
A cylinder that has been condemned during the visual inspection or hydrostatic testing process may never be returned to service
Condemned cylinders should be made unserviceable (i.e. cut in two, hole drilled in the wall, threads destroyed, etc…) *

30. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Do not use any cylinder that:
Is aluminum and has a rounded bottom
Have the manufacturing codes SP6576, SP6688, or SP890 stamped into the cylinder
Have large dents, bulges, or lines of corrosion
Do not have a proper pressure relief device (burst disc) *

31. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Do not use any cylinder that:
Have manufacturing codes SP6498, E6498, SP7042, or E7042 stamped into the cylinder unless the cylinder is also stamped with the code 3AL
These were special aluminum alloys that were given the 3AL rating at a later date *

32. Safe Handling Procedures*
07/16/96
Safe Handling Procedures
Do not totally empty a cylinder without cause
Always try to leave 300 to 500 psi in the cylinder
Empty cylinders should be internally visually inspected by a trained technician prior to re-filling *

33. Safe Handling Procedures
Regulators or gauges may fail when a cylinder valve is opened – it is important to stand to the side rather than in the line of discharge to avoid the blast effect in case of failure
Photos courtesy Dave Pence

34. Safe Handling Procedures
Do not look directly at the face of any pressure gauge when turning on the cylinder because of the possibility of a blowout
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers

35. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Diving cylinders and associated high pressure equipment are manufactured and tested to standards in order to ensure a high degree of safety when they are properly used and maintained *

36. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Manufacturing standards and maintenance requirements do not eliminate the possibility of a catastrophic failure that could result in serious injury or death
Photo courtesy *

37. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
An 80 cubic foot cylinder filled to 3000 psi (207 bar) has in excess of one million pounds of kinetic energy; sufficient power to blow apart brick walls or destroy vehicles
Photo courtesy connected.bc.ca/~baquatics/index.htm *

38. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
90% of all cylinder explosions occur during the filling process
Operator error has been linked to many of these incidents
Photo courtesy

39. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Properly trained and attentive operators reduce their risk of being involved in a catastrophic incident
Be familiar with the equipment you are working with and follow inspection requirements and safe operating procedures *

40. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
A fill station consists of a source of high pressure gas, high pressure lines called whips that connect the gas source to the cylinders being filled, and valves and gauges to control and monitor the filling process *

41. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Fill stations come in a wide variety of configurations, the specifics of operating a given system are beyond the scope of this presentation and require additional training *

42. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Compressor basics:
High pressure compressors capable of producing breathing grade gas intake air, compress the air through a series of stages to increase the pressure, and filter the gas to remove impurities and excess moisture
Photos courtesy Bauerair.com *

43. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Compressor basics:
Each compressor has its own operational and maintenance requirements, but items common to all units include:
Checking oil levels prior to startup
Monitoring compressor hours and filter life
Monitoring the compressor intake to assure a proper air source, and monitoring stage pressures
Keeping a log of regular maintenance and adhering to a maintenance schedule *

44. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Storage banks take two forms:
A series of cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity
Or a single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
Cylinders connected by manifold have the advantage of allowing cascade filling
A single large storage cylinder can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing *

45. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Storage banks have specific pressure limitations and are secured to prevent them from falling
Banked pressures of 4,500 psi (310 bar) are common
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers *

46. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Cascade filling involves equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached
Cascade filling is the most economical use of banked gas *

47. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Fill station valves can be of a metering or ball valve design
A metering valve provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments
A ball valve is either open or closed
Photos courtesy Global Mfg. Corp.
Metering Valve
Ball Valve *

48. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Caution should be taken when using fill panels employing ball valves, a rapid pressure spike can increase the risk of a fire in the presence of gases with high oxygen content
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers *

49. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
High pressure lines:
Pipes and hoses that carry high pressure gas should be secured approximately every two feet and regularly inspected
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers *

50. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Gauges:
Gauges that are used on the fill whips and yokes are not calibrated or tested
Gauges in the fill panel are tested and calibrated
Photos courtesy Steve Sellers *

51. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
The Fill Station Operator has the responsibility to reject cylinders that do not meet standards
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers *

52. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Before filling a cylinder:
Verify it has valid ICC or DOT stampings
Check for a current Hydrostatic Test Stamp
Hydrostatic testing must be done every five years
Photos courtesy Steve Sellers *

53. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Before filling a cylinder:
Verify a current visual inspection sticker
Verify it has a valve with a pressure relief device
Check that there is air/gas in the cylinder
Photos courtesy Steve Sellers *

54. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Before filling a cylinder:
Check the rated pressure of the cylinder
Verify it has a valve O-Ring (yoke style valves)
Photos courtesy Steve Sellers *

55. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Before filling a cylinder:
Determine if the cylinder has a yoke or DIN valve and that the fill station has the necessary adaptors to allow for filling
Photos courtesy Steve Sellers *

56. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Before filling a cylinder:
Check the pressure in the cylinder and its contents (air, nitrox, etc.)
Cylinders containing gas mixtures other than air should not be allowed to equalize pressure through the fill whips with cylinders not containing the same gas; doing so modifies gas mixtures in all the cylinders and could compromise the safety of unsuspecting divers using them *

57. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Before filling a cylinder:
Verify the general condition of the cylinder
On steel cylinders, strike the cylinder with a blunt object; it should sound like a bell, if not, don’t fill it
No visual signs of dents, bulges, scrapes, or line corrosion
Verify the fill setting on the fill panel regulator (if present)
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers *

58. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Do not fill high-pressure cylinders if the date of the last hydrostatic test has expired (five years for steel and aluminum cylinders) or if more than one year has passed since the last formal visual inspection
Photos courtesy Steve Sellers

59. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Reject cylinders with the following markings or conditions:
SP6576
SP6688, SP890
SP6498, E6498, SP7042, E7042
All round bottom aluminum cylinders
Steel, non-galvanized, vinyl coated cylinders *

60. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Only individuals trained in the handling and filling of high pressure cylinders should be in the room when cylinders are being filled
Maintain an organized fill area, keep a clear path in and out and secure cylinders after filling *

61. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Preparing to fill:
Open cylinder valve to blow out dust/water
Attach the fill whip to the valve
Close the whip bleed valve and open the cylinder valve
If filling multiple cylinders containing the same gas, open all cylinder valves and equalize the pressure between cylinders
Open the fill whip valve
Open supply valve
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers *

62. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Charge cylinders at psig/min (20-41 bar/min) to prevent excessive heat buildup
Never exceed the maximum allowable pressure for any particular cylinder
Never perform maintenance or repairs on a cylinder valve while the cylinder is charged
Photo courtesy Steve Sellers

63. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
A 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder should take 5 to 10 minutes to fill
Aluminum alloy cylinders should never be filled in excess of marked service pressure, and steel cylinders without a plus (+) after the current hydrostatic test date should also not be filled over their marked service pressure *

64. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Assure any cylinders filled are properly labeled with appropriate contents labels and that any logs have been filled out as required by local procedures or standards *

65. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders*
07/16/96
Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
When the filling process is complete, bleed excess pressure from the fill whips, close all valves, shut off power to the compressor, and secure the fill station per local procedures *

66. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
To help ensure safety during the filling process, considered the following:
Placing the fill station away from work areas
Consulting with an engineer before constructing a cylinder explosion diversion device
Configuring controls away from the cylinder fill area

67. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Safety considerations continued:
Secure high-pressure hoses and fittings at close intervals
Locate the fill station away from critical building structural support and walls; provide a physical barrier between fill station operator and cylinders during filling
Use an energy deflector to send explosive force in a safe direction

68. Fill Stations and Filling Cylinders
Safety considerations continued:
Regularly inspect compressor filters and piping
Allow only trained, authorized persons to work at the fill station
Post operating procedures and safety instructions
Proper labeling of all valves, gauges, etc…

69. Study Questions
Use the following study questions to review some of the information presented in this self study module. When you are finished you can print out your study questions results.

70. Self Study Questions
_____ require all scientific divers to receive hazardous materials training for handling high pressure cylinders.
AAUS and NOAA scientific diving standards
CFR Title 29: 1910 Sub Part T
OSHA
Individual State's Department of Transportation

71. Self Study Questions
_____ require all scientific divers to receive hazardous materials training for handling high pressure cylinders.
AAUS and NOAA scientific diving standards
CFR Title 29: 1910 Sub Part T
OSHA
Individual State's Department of Transportation

72. Self Study Questions
DOT regulations found in 49 CFR mandate training requirements for employees of companies involved in commerce who handle compressed gas cylinders. A. True B. False

73. Self Study Questions
DOT regulations found in 49 CFR mandate training requirements for employees of companies involved in commerce who handle compressed gas cylinders. A. True B. False

74. Self Study Questions
The codes 3AA 2250 PST 4~08+ stamped into the neck of a cylinder indicate:
This is a steel cylinder with a rated working pressure of 2250 psi, manufactured by Pressed Steel, hydrostatically tested in April of 2008, and capable of being over filled by 10%.
This is an aluminum cylinder with a rated working pressure of 2250 psi, manufactured by Pacific Scuba Tanks, hydrostatically tested in April of 2008, and capable of being over filled by 10%.
The serial number of the cylinder.
This is a steel cylinder with a rated working pressure of 2250 psi, manufactured by Pressed Steel; last visually inspected in April of 2008, and capable of being over filled by 10%.

75. Self Study Questions
The codes 3AA 2250 PST 4~08+ stamped into the neck of a cylinder indicate:
This is a steel cylinder with a rated working pressure of 2250 psi, manufactured by Pressed Steel, hydrostatically tested in April of 2008, and capable of being over filled by 10%.
This is an aluminum cylinder with a rated working pressure of 2250 psi, manufactured by Pacific Scuba Tanks, hydrostatically tested in April of 2008, and capable of being over filled by 10%.
The serial number of the cylinder.
This is a steel cylinder with a rated working pressure of 2250 psi, manufactured by Pressed Steel; last visually inspected in April of 2008, and capable of being over filled by 10%.

76. Self Study Questions
It is June 2008; a fill station operator conducting a pre-filling survey of a cylinder finds the hydrostatic test dates of and The cylinder has a current VIP sticker, all other required markings, and shows no signs of dents, bulges, scrapes or line corrosion. The fill station operator:
can fill the cylinder, but only to the rated working pressure since the current hydrostatic test mark does not have a +.
should not fill the cylinder because the current hydrostatic test mark does not have a +.
should not fill the cylinder because the current hydrostatic test has passed the five year limit for the test.
can fill the cylinder to a pressure 10% greater than the cylinder's rated working pressure because of the presence of the + on the cylinder.

77. Self Study Questions
It is June 2008; a fill station operator conducting a pre-filling survey of a cylinder finds the hydrostatic test dates of and The cylinder has a current VIP sticker, all other required markings, and shows no signs of dents, bulges, scrapes or line corrosion. The fill station operator:
can fill the cylinder, but only to the rated working pressure since the current hydrostatic test mark does not have a +.
should not fill the cylinder because the current hydrostatic test mark does not have a +.
should not fill the cylinder because the current hydrostatic test has passed the five year limit for the test.
can fill the cylinder to a pressure 10% greater than the cylinder's rated working pressure because of the presence of the + on the cylinder.

78. Self Study Questions
It is November 2008; a fill station operator conducting a pre-filling survey of a cylinder finds the hydrostatic test dates of 2 97 and The cylinder has a VIP sticker dated 10/07. It has the stamp 3AL, along with all other required markings, and shows no signs of dents, bulges, scrapes or line corrosion. (Select all that apply)
The cylinder is "out of hydro"; it has been longer than five years since the last hydrostatic test.
This cylinder is within its second hydrostatic test period.
The cylinder does not have a current VIP.
This is a steel cylinder.
This is an aluminum cylinder.
The cylinder has a current VIP.
The fill station operator should fill this cylinder.
The fill station operator should not fill this cylinder.

79. Self Study Questions
It is November 2008; a fill station operator conducting a pre-filling survey of a cylinder finds the hydrostatic test dates of 2 97 and The cylinder has a VIP sticker dated 10/07. It has the stamp 3AL, along with all other required markings, and shows no signs of dents, bulges, scrapes or line corrosion. (Select all that apply)
The cylinder is "out of hydro"; it has been longer than five years since the last hydrostatic test.
This cylinder is within its second hydrostatic test period.
The cylinder does not have a current VIP.
This is a steel cylinder.
This is an aluminum cylinder.
The cylinder has a current VIP.
The fill station operator should fill this cylinder.
The fill station operator should not fill this cylinder.

80. Self Study Questions
Safe handling procedures for high pressure cylinders include: (select all that apply)
Wear shoes when working around cylinders.
Store charged cylinders in an upright position in a cool shady place and away from flammable materials.
Handling cylinders by straps or backpack is preferred to handling cylinders by the valve.
Cylinders that appear to be damaged by fire or physical abuse should be removed from service.
Scuba cylinders should receive a visual inspection by a qualified inspector annually.
Internal inspections, hydrostatic tests, and repair work should be performed only by trained technicians.
A cylinder that has been condemned during the visual inspection or hydrostatic testing process may be returned to service after repairs have been completed.

81. Self Study Questions
Safe handling procedures for high pressure cylinders include: (select all that apply)
Wear shoes when working around cylinders.
Store charged cylinders in an upright position in a cool shady place and away from flammable materials.
Handling cylinders by straps or backpack is preferred to handling cylinders by the valve.
Cylinders that appear to be damaged by fire or physical abuse should be removed from service.
Scuba cylinders should receive a visual inspection by a qualified inspector annually.
Internal inspections, hydrostatic tests, and repair work should be performed only by trained technicians.
A cylinder that has been condemned during the visual inspection or hydrostatic testing process may be returned to service after repairs have been completed.

82. Self Study Questions _____ is the most economical use of banked gas.
Cascade filling
Single bank filling
Filling directly from the compressor
The use of high pressure scuba cylinders

83. Self Study Questions _____ is the most economical use of banked gas.
Cascade filling
Single bank filling
Filling directly from the compressor
The use of high pressure scuba cylinders

84. Self Study Questions Select all that apply to the valve pictured here:
This is an example
of a Ball valve
of a Metering valve
This valve provides for slow
and controlled pressure adjustments
This valve is either open or
closed providing no means
of pressure adjustments

85. Self Study Questions Select all that apply to the valve pictured here:
This is an example
of a Ball valve
of a Metering valve
This valve provides for slow
and controlled pressure adjustments
This valve is either open or
closed providing no means
of pressure adjustments

86. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

87. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

88. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

89. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

90. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

91. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

92. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

93. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

94. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

95. Self Study Questions Match the item with its counterpart:
A. Cascade filling
B. A ball valve
C. A metering valve
D. 4,500 psi
E. Allows for cascade filling
F. A single large storage cylinder such as a recycled submarine ballast tank
G psi or bar
H. 5 to 10 minutes
I. About 30 minutes
Equalizing the pressure in the cylinder being filled with the pressure in a single cylinder in a series of storage cylinders, moving to the next cylinder in the series and repeating the process until the desired pressure is reached.
Is either open or closed.
Provides for slow and controlled pressure adjustments.
310 bar
A series of storage cylinders connected by manifold to produce a desired storage capacity.
Can offer the advantage of not requiring periodic hydrostatic testing.
The rate per minute for filling cylinders.
The amount of time it should take to properly fill a 3000 psi (207 bar) cylinder.
The amount of time it will take someone with a surface air consumption of 20 psi/minute to breathe 2500 psi from a scuba cylinder while diving in 99 feet of seawater.

96. Self Study Questions
Select all of the items listed that the fill station operator should do before filling a cylinder:
Verify the cylinder has valid ICC or DOT stampings
Check for a current Hydrostatic Test Stamp
Verify a current visual inspection sticker (within the past year)
Verify the cylinder has a valve with a pressure relief device
Check that there is air/gas in the cylinder
Check the rated pressure of the cylinder
Check the pressure in the cylinder and its contents (air, nitrox, etc.)
Verify the general condition of the cylinder
Open the bleed valve on the fill whip
Close the cylinder valve

97. Self Study Questions
Select all of the items listed that the fill station operator should do before filling a cylinder:
Verify the cylinder has valid ICC or DOT stampings
Check for a current Hydrostatic Test Stamp
Verify a current visual inspection sticker (within the past year)
Verify the cylinder has a valve with a pressure relief device
Check that there is air/gas in the cylinder
Check the rated pressure of the cylinder
Check the pressure in the cylinder and its contents (air, nitrox, etc.)
Verify the general condition of the cylinder
Open the bleed valve on the fill whip
Close the cylinder valve

98. Self Study Questions
Putting part of your body in the air stream of an open high pressure cylinder valve can lead to embolism.
True
False

99. Self Study Questions
Putting part of your body in the air stream of an open high pressure cylinder valve can lead to embolism.
True
False

100. Self Study Questions
Preferably, cylinders should be transported and stored in a secure, upright position.
True
False

101. Self Study Questions
Preferably, cylinders should be transported and stored in a secure, upright position.
True
False

102. Self Study Questions
Caution should be taken when using fill panels employing _____ valves, a rapid pressure spike can increase the risk of a fire in the presence of gases with high oxygen content.
metering
ball J K
yoke
DIN

103. Self Study Questions
Caution should be taken when using fill panels employing _____ valves, a rapid pressure spike can increase the risk of a fire in the presence of gases with high oxygen content.
metering
ball J K
yoke
DIN

104. Self Study Questions
Fill Station Operator has the responsibility to reject cylinders that do not meet standards.
True
False

105. Self Study Questions
Fill Station Operator has the responsibility to reject cylinders that do not meet standards.
True
False

106. Self Study Questions
Only individuals _____ in the handling and filling of high pressure cylinders should be in the room when cylinders are being filled.
trained
interested
participating
tasked

107. Self Study Questions
Only individuals _____ in the handling and filling of high pressure cylinders should be in the room when cylinders are being filled.
trained
interested
participating
tasked