1. Diversity and Equity: Schooling and African Americans
Chapter Six
Diversity and Equity:
Schooling and African Americans
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

2. Rebuilding the South without slavery at its center
Reconstruction
Thirteenth Amendment
Freedmen's Bureau
Rebuilding the South without slavery at its center
Higher education and political power for African Americans
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

3. White southerners regain control
Redemption 1877
White southerners regain control
White supremacy laws and voting requirements for blacks established
Destroyed African American gains of Reconstruction
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

4. African American Schooling
Vague references to education in state constitutions give way to frameworks for universal public schooling in Reconstruction
Redemption brought renewed efforts to shift resources to white schools, strip blacks of voting rights, and reconfigure constitutions
Black communities, churches, and private citizens supported schools while disparities increased, beginning around 1890
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

5. Booker T. Washington’s Career
The Myth
advanced public education in black communities
“lifting veil of ignorance from Negro race”
The Reality
Washington era featured worst treatment of black public education since slavery
supported state-enforced illiteracy
took accommodationist stance
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

6. Washington’s Perception of African American “Inferiority” and Opportunity
Racial(Darwinian) evolution
Blacks need to “evolve”; should be grateful for advantages.
Blacks unfit to vote
Blacks should avoid confronting racial prejudice
Hard labor and accumulation of property the key to success
Natural laws of economics would not tolerate racism
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

7. Opposed stifling of criticisms of Washington and his followers
W. E. B. Du Bois
Opposed stifling of criticisms of Washington and his followers
Spoke out against continued oppression of black Southerners and prejudice in the North
Self-assertion rather than acquiescence
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

8. Concluding Remarks
The struggle over African American schooling, and the distinctions between Washington’s and Du Bois’s perspectives, highlight enduring concerns:
schooling for social stability or a free society?
schooling for employment or intellectual growth?
schooling for social reform or individual human development?
schooling that emphasizes commonalities or differences?
schooling in whose interests?
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

9. Developing your Professional Vocabulary
black codes
The Crisis
W. E. B. Du Bois
Freedmen's Bureau
historically black colleges
Mississippi Plan
NAACP
Reconstruction
Redemption
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Tuskegee Institution
Booker T. Washington
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e