1. Principle of Adaptation
Training Adaptations

2. Principle of Adaptation
Athletes train to adapt their bodies to a particular sport/activity.
Training should be;
Specific to their sport
Specific to the desired outcome as a result of adaptations.
SAID Principle
S = Specific A = Adaptation I = Imposed D = Demands
Adaptation = “a long-term physiological change in response to training loads that allows the body to meet new demands.
Stress on the body causes adaptations.
A plateau occurs when the training load is not sufficient to cause stress.
Adaptations can be classified as acute and chronic;
Acute – Immediate physiological response to exercise which last the duration of the exercise session. Type of training not important.
Chronic – Long-term adaptations to exercise.
In this chapter, we will focus on chronic changes.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

3. Anaerobic and Aerobic Adaptations
Training Adaptations
Anaerobic and Aerobic Adaptations

4. Anaerobic Energy System Adaptations
Training the ATP-PC and lactic acid systems cause;
Increased levels of anaerobic enzymes and fuels
Increase in glycolytic capacity
Improvements at the muscular level in both systems
Aerobic
Improvements in;
Oxygen uptake
Transport and utilisation of oxygen
Fat breakdown as a fuel
Fatty acid oxidation and respiratory ATP production
Lactate Infection Point
Reduced carbohydrate use during sub-maximal exercise
Increased use of blood glucose – assisting in glycogen sparing.
Increased capillarisation, mitochondria density and oxidative enzymes.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

5. Cardiovascular Training Adaptations

6. Cardiovascular Training
Cardiac Hypertrophy - Heart increases (Left ventricle) in size as a result of training. This increases the stroke volume (SV)
Increased capillarisation - (Coronary blood supply) of the heart – increases blood flow to the heart.
Increased stroke volume - thus reducing HR.
Lowered resting heart rate (Increase in SV causes a decrease in HR when Q is constant – approx 5 litres)
Lower heart rate during sub-maximal workloads – Due to increased SV.
Improved heart-rate recovery rates – Due to increased SV
Increases cardiac output at maximum workload – Constant at rest, but Q can reach up to 30L/min in elite athletes.
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate Q = SV x HR
Example Q = 5L SV = Q/HR
Before training HR = 71bpm therefore the SV = 0.07L/beat
After training program HR=50bpm.
SV now = 0.1L/beat
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

7. Cardiovascular Training
Lower blood pressure – relieves hypertension by lowering resistance in the vessels
Arterio-venous oxygen difference - increases as athlete is able to use oxygen from arteries more effectively
Increased plasma, blood volume and haemoglobin levels
Increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle
Decreased blood cholesterol, triglycerides ad Low Density Lipoproteins (LDP). These substances are associated with coronary heart disease.
Increased high density lipoproteins (HDL) – Ratio of HDL to LDL increases, which is important for heart health.
Increased redistribution of blood – Training can lead to a 20% increase in blood flow to working muscles.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

8. Respiratory Training Adaptations

9. Respiratory Training Adaptations
Decreased minute ventilation- Lungs become more efficient as a result of training. Ventilation is therefore reduced at sub-maximal workloads.
Increased pulmonary diffusion – oxygen is more readily extracted from the alveoli
Increased tidal volume (Amount of air inspired and expired during breathing)
Ventilatory musculature – Muscles responsible for breathing require less oxygen.
Improved lung function –due to improved lung volume and alveolar capacity surface area.
Aerobic capacity – Improves due to an increase in oxygen supply to the working muscles.
See table 11.4 p.273
Increased VO2 max – Due to;
Increase in cardiac output,
Increase in RBC numbers,
Increase in a-VO2 diff
Increase in muscle capillarisation
Improved oxygen extraction.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

10. Oxygen extraction: a-V02 difference
a-V02 difference = Arteriovenous oxygen difference: “difference in oxygen consumption when comparing that in the arterioles to the venules, and an indirect measure of how much oxygen muscles are using”
An increase in a-V02 difference results in more blood being pumped to active muscles (especially slow-twitch)
Muscle fibres better at extracting and processing oxygen as a result of increased mitochondria numbers, more oxidative enzymes and increased levels of myoglobin.
All of this is due to the oxygen demands of the muscles
12 mL/100mL
18 mL/100mL
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

11. Muscular Training Adaptations

12. Muscular Training Adaptations
Athletes need to use specific training methods to cause muscular adaptations for their sport.
Aerobic – Trains the slow twitch (Type I) fibres.
Anaerobic – Trains fast twitch (Type II) fibres.
Muscle fibre type and percentage that make up the body
Muscle fibre type can change, eg for elite endurance athletes from 70-90%
Genetics a big advantage to start with x amount of fibre percentage
You are born with x amount of fast and slow twitch fibres. BUT you can train and gain more of one type.
MYTH – “with training you can change from fast twitch to slow twitch or vice versa.” IMPOSSIBLE
HOWEVER – fast twitch fibres have been known to take on slow twitch characteristics in response to aerobic training
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

13. Aerobic (Muscular)
Increased oxygen utilisation – Increased size and number and density of mitochondria
Increased myoglobin stores.
Increased muscular fuel stores ie.Glycogen, fatty acids, triglycerides and oxidative enzymes.
Increased capillary density to slow twitch fibres.
Increased use of fat at sub-maximal levels.
Increased stores and use of intramuscular triglycerides.
Increased oxidation of glucose and fats – Ability to metabolise and extract energy has improved. The body can therefore use ‘glycogen sparing’.
Decreased use of lactic acid system
Some muscle fibre adaptation.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

14. Anaerobic (Muscular)
Muscular Hypertrophy – Enlargement of the fast twitch muscle fibres
Increased muscular stores of ATP, PC, creatine and glycogen.
Increased ATP-PC splitting and resynthesis of enzymes
Increased glycolytic capacity – Enhances lactic acid systems ability to use glycogen.
Cardiac hypertrophy – Increases contraction forces exerted by the left ventricle in the heart.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

15. Anaerobic (Muscular) Increased contractile proteins in muscles.
Increased myosin ATPase – Molecule responsible for splitting ATP into ADP
Increased muscle buffering capacity – Muscles able to tolerate higher levels of fatiguing products
Muscle hyperplasia –Research in animals suggest that new muscle fibres may form under stress.
Other – Increase in strength of connective tissue, number of motor units, speed on nerve impulses and muscular contraction speed.
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16. Adaptations
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17. Adaptations are Reversible
Training Adaptations
Adaptations are Reversible

18. Adaptations are Reversible
Adaptations are reduced and then lost after stopping regular training.
The reversibility principle applies when an athlete becomes inactive.
As a result, athletes need to undertake a vigorous pre-season months before the in-season starts.
Therefore maintenance in the off-season is required to minimise reversing the adaptations.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4