1. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

2. Early Life Konigsberg, Prussia Baptized Emanuel Humble beginnings Pietist Household & Devout Education

3. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

4. Early Life Konigsberg, Prussia Baptized Emanuel Humble beginnings Pietist Household & Devout Education

5. Scholarly Life Tutor, Lecturer, & Professor Interested in Newtonian Principles Published 30 works Critique of Pure Reason Critique of Practical Reason Critique of Judgment Socially Inept

6. Terms Deontology- The study of duty Maxim- A principle or rule of conduct

7. Kant & Ethics His most influential subject The motive, not outcome, is the sole creator or moral worth in an action Categorical Imperative- “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”

8. Reason & Freedom We are not wholly subject to causal law Reason cannot act without assumption of Freedom

9. Human Situation Animals, Humans, & Rational Beings Actors, not Acted Upon We cannot know which action is best Ends-in-Themselves & Means-to-Ends

10. Will Outcome of our actions is beyond our control Morality assessed by motivation Good will cannot be used for evil Goodness cannot arise from instinct No outcome can be inherently good Duty must drive our actions

11. Duty Hypothetical imperative Categorical Imperative for moral action “Act only according to that maxim by which you can the same time will that it should become a universal law.” Universality test Nature cannot contradict itself Everyone thinks of themselves the way you do, therefore your maxim must be applicable for all people

12. Kant in Debates Deontology- The action’s morality is determined by its means Teleology- The action’s morality is determined by its end