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Elbow, Forearm, Wrist and Hand
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Elbow Bones: Humerus: only bone of the arm
Landmarks: medial and lateral epicondyles, olecranon fossa, capitulum (articulation with the radius), trochlea (articulation with the ulna)
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Ulna: bone on the pinkie (medial) side of forearm
Landmarks: olecranon process, radial notch Radius: bone on the thumb (lateral) side of forearm Landmarks: radial head
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Ligaments: Ulnar collateral: prevents valgus force (think of it as MCL of knee) Radial collateral: prevents varus force (think of it as LCL of knee) Annular ligament: circular ligament encompassing the radius, allows for rotation of radius while holding it securely to the ulna
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Bursae Bicipital bursa: anterior aspect of elbow, cushions the bicep
Olecranon bursa: posterior aspect of elbow, cushions between olecranon process and the skin
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Muscles Elbow flexion Brachialis, brachioradialis, biceps brachii
Elbow extension Triceps brachii
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Nerves: Ulnar nerve: passes posterior to the medial epicondyle “hitting your funny bone”
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Joint Mechanics Elbow: hinge joint between ulna and humerus
Allows for flexion and extension Joint between ulna and radius (radio-ulnar) Allows for pronation and supination of the forearm
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Forearm Bones: Radius and ulna held together by interosseus membrane
Landmarks: radial and ulnar styloid processes
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Radioulnar joint Proximal allows for pronation and supination Distal connects the radius and ulna at the wrist
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Muscles Anterior (flexors) Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Flexor pollicus longus Pronator teres ** flexor tendons originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
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Muscles cont. Posterior (extensors) Extensor digitorum communis
Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor pollicus longus ** extensors origiante on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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Wrist and Hand Basic Anatomy Bones
Distal radius and ulna (styloid process) Carpals: 8 bones of wrist Scapoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpals: 5 bones of hand Phalanges: 14 bones of fingers
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Wrist joint: joint between distal radius and ulna and the carpal bones
Carpal tunnel: tunnel formed by carpal bones and closed off by the transverse carpal ligament. Nerves, blood vessels and muscles pass through this tunnel. Wrist joint: joint between distal radius and ulna and the carpal bones Movements: flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation
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Joints of Fingers and Hand
Carpometacarpal joint (CM) Metacarpo-phalangeal (MP) Interphalangeal (IP) Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Distal Interphalangeal (DIP)
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Ligaments of Wrist Ulnar collateral: from styloid process of wrist to triquetrum Radial collateral: from styloid process of radius to scaphoid Transverse carpal ligament: closes off carpal tunnel
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Muscles and Tendons The extrinsic muslces and tendons of the hand and fingers originate in the forearm. See the muscles listed for the forearm Muscles of the thumb Extensor pollicus longus Extensor pollicus brevis Abductor pollicus longus Flexor pollicus brevis
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